Strawberry disease in rainbow trout in Scotland: pathology and association with <i>Flavobacterium psychrophilum</i>

Ferguson, H. W.; Girons, Albert; Rizgalla, G.; LaPatra, Scott E.; Branson, E. J.; MacKenzie, K.; Davies, Martin; Collins, R. O.; Diab, Amer; Crumlish, M.

doi:10.1136/vr.158.18.630

Cited by 36 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…RMS/CWSD purportedly differs from SD by the presence of heterophils within established lesions in connective tissues found between the epidermis and dermis, and dermis and subcutis, in addition to involvement of organs other than the skin, including pathological changes in the liver, kidney and spleen as well as exopthalmia, myocarditis and skeletal deformities (Bruno et al 2007, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008. Warm water strawberry disease (WWSD), which has long been known simply as 'strawberry disease' in the UK and France, is potentially a condition different from both SD and RMS/ CWSD in that it affects fish reared at temperatures >15°C and may be responsive to vitamin C (Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008). Interestingly, a survey of Idaho trout producers found SD outbreaks occurring at temperatures ranging from 8.8°C to 21°C (Oman 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavobacterium psychrophilum has been proposed as a potential etiologic agent for RMS/CWSD in Scotland (Ferguson et al 2006). RMS/CWSD is a condition very similar to SD and was first distinguished in the UK in 2003 (Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While SD was first described in Washington state, USA in the 1950s this condition has been recognized throughout the western USA (Olson et al 1985). Very similar conditions, also with unknown etiology, have been reported in Europe including 'warm water strawberry disease' (WWSD) in the UK and France, and a recently described 'red mark syndrome' (RMS), or 'cold water strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al 1985, Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Dis Aquat Org 82: [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] 2008 strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al 1985, Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of these sequences, 'Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii' (formerly Iric ES1), has been visualized within the mitochondria of ovarian cells in the tick Ixodes ricinus using electron microscopy and in situ molecular hybridization (Beninati et al 2004, Sassera et al 2006. It is unlikely that the RLO detected in the SD lesion libraries is associated with ticks, which are terrestrial; however, the detection of related 16S sequences in amoebae and microbial mats provides a more likely habitat for the RLO within an aquatic environment (Sassera et al 2006).Flavobacterium psychrophilum has been proposed as a potential etiologic agent for RMS/CWSD in Scotland (Ferguson et al 2006). RMS/CWSD is a condition very similar to SD and was first distinguished in the UK in 2003 (Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

Lloyd¹,

LaPatra²,

Snekvik³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Strawberry disease (SD) in the USA is a skin disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and is characterized by bright red inflammatory lesions. To identify a candidate bacterial agent responsible for SD, we constructed 16S rDNA libraries from 7 SD lesion samples and 2 apparently healthy skin samples from SD-affected fish. A 16S rDNA sequence highly similar to members of the order Rickettsiales was present in 3 lesion libraries at 1%, 32% and 54% prevalence, but this sequence was not found in either healthy tissue library. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this Rickettsia-like organism (RLO) sequence is most closely related to 16S rDNA sequences of bacteria that may form a novel lineage within the Rickettsiales. We used nested PCR assays to screen 25 SD-affected fish for RLO or Flavobacterium psychrophilum DNA. Sixteen lesion samples were positive for the RLO sequence and 4 of the matched healthy samples were positive resulting in a significant association between SD lesions and presence of RLO DNA. While F. psychrophilum is reportedly associated with 'cold water strawberry disease' in the UK, we found no significant association between SD lesions and the presence of F. psychrophilum DNA. The statistical association between SD lesions and presence of RLO DNA is not proof of etiology, but these data suggest that RLO may play a role in SD in southern Idaho, USA. KEY WORDS: Strawberry disease · Oncorhynchus mykiss · Rickettsia · 16S rDNA library · CWSD · WWSD · RMS Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 82: [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] 2008 strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al. 1985, Ferguson et al. 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al. 2008.Results from Idaho producer surveys show no consistent management practices or facility, diet, or water conditions that predispose trout to SD, although stress is thought to aggravate the condition (Olson et al. 1985, Oman 1990. While previous surveys did not control for potentially confounding variables, there is evidence that SD is caused by a transmissible agent. Oman (1990) reported some success in transmitting the condition by experimental inoculation with SD lesion homogenate. Verner-Jeffreys et al. (2008) were able to demonstrate repeatable transmission of RMS/CWSD by cohabitation. Oral treatment with oxytetracycline (OTC) is used to manage the disease at some farms and is thought to reduce recovery time by as much as 50% (Erickson 1969, Olson et al. 1985, Oman 1990. Limited transmission studies and apparent response to chemotherapeutic treatment (OTC) are consistent with the hypothesis that SD results from a primary or secondary bacterial infection. Consequently, we investigated the bacterial community associated with SD lesions by constructing and comparing 16S rDNA libraries from SD lesions and matched healthy skin samples from SD-affected fish. MATERIALS AND METHODSSample collection. Fish were sampled from 4 different trout farms in southern Idaho, USA ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Dis Aquat Org 82: [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] 2008 strawberry disease' (CWSD) in the UK (Fleury et al 1985, Ferguson et al 2006, Verner-Jeffreys et al 2008.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

Lloyd¹,

LaPatra²,

Snekvik³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Bacterial Diagnosis and Control in Fish and Shellfish

Crumlish

2017

Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish

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Transmission of Members of the “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” Family to Vertebrates and Possible Involvement in Disease Pathogenesis

et al. 2016

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“Candidatus Midichloriaceae” (order Rickettsiales) is a family that encompasses obligate intracellular bacteria present in a wide range of hosts, from parasitic arthropods (ticks, fleas, bedbugs) to aquatic animals (e.g. sponges and corals) and protists, including pathogenic amoebae (genus Acanthamoeba). In addition, multiple studies have detected evidence of the presence of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” in vertebrates, suggesting a capacity to cause infections, with possible pathogenic effects. Two members of the family that are described as symbionts of ticks, i.e. “Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii” and “Candidatus Lariskella arthropodarum” have also been found in the blood of humans and other mammals, using molecular and serological methods. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that these arthropods could transmit the microorganisms during the blood meal, as is known to happen with pathogenic members of the order Rickettsiales; for example, ticks can be vectors of rickettsiosis or ehrlichiosis. Indeed, clinical cases compatible with these pathologies in humans or animals parasitized by ticks, but characterized by the absence of antibody titers for known pathogenic rickettsiae, could be reinvestigated for the presence of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae”. A third member of the family, a “Candidatus Midichloria”-related organism, has repeatedly been found in association with red mark syndrome in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Although the etiology of this economically relevant disease is currently unknown, multiple independent studies suggest that this member of “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” is the most probable causative agent

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Strawberry disease in rainbow trout in Scotland: pathology and association with Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Cited by 36 publications

References 5 publications

Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

Strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout from southern Idaho are associated with DNA from a Rickettsia-like organism

Bacterial Diagnosis and Control in Fish and Shellfish

Transmission of Members of the “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” Family to Vertebrates and Possible Involvement in Disease Pathogenesis

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