Street level versus rooftop sampling: Carbon monoxide and aerosol in New York city

Bauman, S.; Williams, Evan; Finston, H. L.; Ferrand, Edward F.; Sontowski, John

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90139-1

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Kumar et al (2008b) investigated the existence of exponential relationship for vertical profile of PNC samples for three different heights of 0.20 m, 1.0 m and 2.60 m and applied an exponential variation to the daily averaged PNC data. Other studies conform to these observations for the gaseous pollutants also (Bauman et al, 1982;Boddy et al, 2005;Zoumakis, 1995). For example, Zoumakis (1995) studied the average vertical profile concentration of gaseous pollutants through experimental measurements vertically in the Patision street canyon in Athens.…”

Section: Exposure Implications Due To Flow and Dispersion Around Babymentioning

confidence: 69%

A review of factors surrounding the air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation strategies

Sharma

Kumar

2018

Environment International

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Air pollution exposure to in-pram babies poses a serious threat to their early childhood development, necessitating a need for effective mitigation measures. We reviewed the scientific and grey literature on in-pram babies and their personal exposure to traffic generated air pollutants such as particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM), ≤2.5 μm (PM), ≤0.10 μm (ultrafine particles) in size, black carbon and nitrogen oxides and potential mitigation pathways. In-pram babies can be exposed up to ~60% higher average concentrations depending on the pollutant types compared with adults. The air within the first few meters above the road level is usually most polluted. Therefore, we classified various pram types based on criteria such as height, width and the seating capacity (single versus twin) and assessed the breathing heights of sitting babies in various pram types available in the market. This classification revealed the pram widths between 0.56 and 0.82 m and top handle heights up to ~1.25 m as opposed to breathing height between 0.55 and 0.85 m, suggesting that the concentration within the first meter above the road level is critical for exposure to in-pram babies. The assessment of flow features around the prams suggests that meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction) and traffic-produced turbulence affect the pollution dispersion around them. A survey of the physicochemical properties of particles from roadside environment demonstrated the dominance of toxic metals that have been shown to damage their frontal lobe as well as cognition and brain development when inhaled by in-pram babies. We then assessed a wide range of active and passive exposure mitigation strategies, including a passive control at the receptor such as the enhanced filtration around the breathing zone and protection of prams via covers. Technological solutions such as creating a clean air zone around the breathing area can provide instant solutions. However, a holistic approach involving a mix of innovative technological solutions, community empowerment and exposure-centric policies are needed to help limit personal exposure of in-pram babies.

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Section: Exposure Implications Due To Flow and Dispersion Around Babymentioning

confidence: 69%

A review of factors surrounding the air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation strategies

Sharma

Kumar

2018

Environment International

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“…Several studies have considered the vertical gradient of carbon monoxide in heavy traffic streets (Zoumakis 1995;Väkevä et al 1999;Pfeffer et al 1995;Vardoulakis et al 2002;Scotto di Marco et al 2005;Qin and Kot 1993;Bauman et al 1982). In all this work it was systematically found a decrease in CO concentration with height, although the magnitude of the change was extremely dependent upon the characteristics of the sampling place and the atmospheric conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Carbon monoxide concentrations in Santiago City at street levels and their vertical gradient

Rubio

Lissi

Jorquera

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured at ground level (1 m) near heavy traffic streets in downtown Santiago de Chile in periods of low (November and December), intermediate (April) and high (May) ambient concentrations. Also, measurements were carried out at several heights (from 1 to 127 m) in Santiago's main street during winter time. Measurements carried out at ground level show maximum values during the morning rush hour, with values considerably higher than those reported by the urban air quality network, particularly in summer time. However, the measured values are below air quality standards. Vertical CO profiles were measured in a tower located in the center of downtown. Below 40 m (average altitude of neighboring buildings), the profiles do not show a consistent vertical gradient, with CO concentrations increasing or decreasing with height, regardless of atmospheric stability. In this low altitude range, the observed vertical profiles are poorly predicted by a street canyon model, and the measured concentrations can not be described by a simple exponential decay. At higher altitudes (40 and 127 m) a negative gradient in CO concentrations is observed, both for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The values of CO measured at 127 m are relatively well described by an Eulerian dispersion model running with current CO emission inventories for Santiago, although this model tends to predict stepper CO gradients than the observed ones.

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“…5 Extensive research has been launched in recent years to study the wind flow and pollutant dispersion characteristics in street canopy. 6 These studies are referred to concentration gradients of pollutants in street canyons via measurements, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] micrometeorology of street canyons, 16 -20 and development of mathematical models describing the pollutant's profile, taking into consideration other parameters that affect the concentration levels. 21,22 Studies conducted on the dispersion of vehicular emissions in street canyons have shown that variation in concentration at a given height depends on several factors, including vehicle-generated turbulence, variation in traffic flow, meteorological parameters, and geometry of the street, such as the street orientation and aspect ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Street measurements are influenced by local conditions, and care must be taken in the interpretation of the results, in the estimation of urban air pollution levels, and in the comparison of air quality in different cities. 5,11 However, there is limited information available for both street-level concentrations and vertical gradients, and more data are clearly needed for the characterization of concentrations and air quality conditions in urban areas and especially in urban street canyons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Canyons

Bakeas

Siskos

2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Volatile hydrocarbons (VHCs) were monitored in two urban street canyons for 16 days. Measurements of 15 selected VHCs were performed simultaneously at three different sampling heights: at street level (2 m), at 8 m, and at the rooftop (25 m above the ground). The aim of the study was to investigate the factors responsible for the horizontal and vertical changes in VHC concentrations. Physical parameters controlling the concentration gradients (wind flow and speed) were enabled. It was concluded that dilution and dispersion decrease the concentrations of HCs emitted at street level by approximately a factor of 6 between rooftop and street levels. Low winds and winds parallel to the street axis were identified as the worst dispersion conditions. The correlation between the measured VHC concentrations gave an insight into their fate. An empirical relationship between CO and benzene was established. These results may have important implications in planning monitoring studies to support research on population exposure in urban areas.

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Street level versus rooftop sampling: Carbon monoxide and aerosol in New York city

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

A review of factors surrounding the air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation strategies

A review of factors surrounding the air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation strategies

Carbon monoxide concentrations in Santiago City at street levels and their vertical gradient

Dispersion of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Canyons

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