“…Gradient materials are a new category of material in which certain intrinsic microstructural characteristics and/or properties, such as grain/precipitate size, chemical composition, magnetism, are distributed in gradient along the depth [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Gradient metals have exhibited great potentials for broad engineering applications due to enhanced properties of high strength, considerable ductility, and fatigue resistance, as compared to their homogeneous coarse-grained (CG) counterparts [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”