Strength of carbide-graphite composites with force and thermal loading

Effect of residual stresses on the strength of ceramic materials (Review)

“…Significant advantages of refractory carbidegraphite compositions with a high thermal strength were achieved as early as the 1980s [54,55]. The intro duction of less rigid (by 40-50 times) carbon inclu sions into a carbide matrix should inevitably decrease the efficient elastic modulus and strength of the com position, since it is fundamentally impossible to unload the matrix by transferring the major portion of an applied load to low modulus particles.…”

“…The presence of local and very nonuniform stress concentrators in compositions also causes a more complex character of crack development than in single phase carbides and, eventually, results in another quantitative dependence of the strength on the type of loading [54].…”

“…(b) Residual stresses appearing in neighboring grains [52]. (a) σ/E and (b) thermal strength criterion ΔT av of compositions based on (1), (4) ZrC and (2), (3) NbC vs. the content of a carbon constituent in the form of (3), (4) carbon black and(1), (2) KLZ graphite[54].…”