“…This project aims to develop cement substitutes that can provide lightweight concrete and reduce the consumption of Portland cement, whose production process emits excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (Liu et al, 2021;Pelisser et al, 2012). There are several studies on lightweight cement-based materials, some of which use cenosphere and fly ash (Arunachalam et al, 2023;Kavinkumar et al, 2023;Souza et al, 2019;Chen and Huang, 2019;Shi et al, 2022;Hanif et al, 2017;Brooks et al, 2021;Aungatichart et al, 2022), pumice powder (Hossain, 2004;Kurt et al, 2016), nano-silica materials (Sikora et al, 2020;Du et al, 2015;Adhikary et al, 2021;Elrahman et al, 2019;Adhikary et al, 2020;Gayathiri and Praveenkumar, 2022;Zhang et al, 2018). Using cement-based materials can produce lightweight concrete that is environmentally friendly, of high quality, and similar to normal concrete.…”