With the rapid advancement of urbanization and the continuous development of the construction industry, the generation of construction waste is increasing steadily, posing severe challenges to environmental protection and resource recycling. To address this issue, this paper delves deeply into the design and application of modular equipment for sorting and recycling construction waste, as well as intelligent recognition systems. This equipment system integrates advanced robotic arm technology, conveyor belt systems, electromagnetic suction rods, and cutting-edge visual recognition technology, with the aim of achieving intelligent sorting and efficient recycling of construction waste. This paper provides a detailed elaboration from multiple perspectives, including the system’s design philosophy, key technology applications, analysis of experimental results, and future development prospects. The objective is to offer innovative solutions for the resource utilization of construction waste.