Strength Training Biases Goal-Directed Aiming

Selvanayagam, Victor S; Riek, Stephan; Rugy, Aymar de; Carroll, Timothy J.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000956

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This effect, however, was mitigated when movements were evoked by transcranial electric stimulation, which activates the axons of corticospinal neurons (Rothwell et al ., ; Di Lazzaro et al ., ), suggesting that the M1 was likely to contribute to movement‐induced plasticity beyond any effects in subcortical areas. Movement biases have also been reported in several behavioral experiments interested in the immediate effects of movement repetition or history in voluntarily initiated actions (Diedrichsen et al ., ; Huang et al ., ; Verstynen & Sabes, ; Mochizuki & Funahashi, ; Selvanayagam et al ., ) supporting the view that such effects can take place on a very short‐time scale [as short as the preceding trial as shown by Mochizuki & Funahashi ()]. We investigate here whether use‐dependent effects transfer across limbs.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…We found a positive effect for the right wrist, but no evidence that the effect transferred to the left wrist. These results are in agreement with previous reports in the literature showing that the repetition of movements in one direction can bias subsequent movements towards that direction (Classen et al ., ; Diedrichsen et al ., ; Selvanayagam et al ., , ; Verstynen & Sabes, ). In our Experiment 2, we dissociated the movement of the cursor from the direction of wrist contraction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use‐dependent directional bias does not transfer to the untrained limb during bimanual contractions

Marinovic

Homan

Carroll

2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Skills learned through practice with one limb can often be transferred to the untrained limb. In the present report, we sought to determine whether movement direction biases, acquired through repeated movement with one limb, transfer to the untrained limb. In order to do so, we asked participants to perform synchronized bilateral contractions of muscles in both wrists, followed by the unilateral contraction of muscles in one wrist. In four experiments, we manipulated the position of the unilateral target to create use-dependent directional biases; changed the direction of the cursor in relation to the wrist movement to control for attentional biases; and sought to induce directional biases with both right and left unilateral movements. The results showed clear movement-related biases for the wrist that performed unilateral contractions, but no evidence that movement-related bias transferred to the opposite limb during bilateral action. Thus, motor preparation and execution of unilateral contractions does not affect the direction of movement made by the opposite limb during subsequent bilateral contractions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use‐dependent directional bias does not transfer to the untrained limb during bimanual contractions

Marinovic

Homan

Carroll

2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Due to the more frequent use and subsequent strength of flexor muscles in comparison to extensor muscles (Salonikidis, Amiridis, Oxyzoglou, Giagazoglou, & Akrivopoulou, ), differences in muscle strength within individuals were controlled in order to allow comparison between these two muscles. Therefore, a maximum voluntary contraction procedure was completed for both flexion and extension movements prior to the start of the experiment (see Selvanayagam, Riek, de Rugy, & Carroll, ). In this procedure, subjects made six (three flexions, three extensions) isometric maximum voluntary contractions of the wrist toward a target for 3 s, and the peak force (Newtons, N) was measured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural gain induced by startling acoustic stimuli is additive to preparatory activation

et al. 2019

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Loud acoustic stimuli presented during movement preparation can shorten reaction time and increase response forcefulness. We examined how efferent connectivity of an agonist muscle to reticulospinal and corticospinal pathways, and the level of prepared movement force, affect reaction time and movement execution when the motor response is triggered by an intense acoustic stimulus. In Experiment 1, participants executed ballistic wrist flexion and extension movements of low and high force in response to visual stimuli. A loud acoustic stimulus (LAS; 105 dBa) was presented simultaneously with the visual imperative stimulus in probe trials. In Experiment 2, participants executed ballistic wrist flexion movements ranging from 10%–50% of maximum voluntary contraction with a LAS presented in probe trials. The shortening of response initiation was not affected by movement type (flexion or extension) or prepared movement force. Enhancement of response magnitude, however, was proportionally greater for low force movements and for the flexor muscle. Changes in peak force induced by the intense acoustic stimulus indicated that the neural activity introduced to motor program circuits by acoustic stimulation is additive to the voluntary neural activity that occurs due to movement preparation, rather than multiplicative.

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“…These results suggest a hidden process, likely driven by success-related reinforcement signals that might modulate UDP. In contrast to UDP, reinforcement is another form of learning based on the presence of success or failure (Knowlton et al, 1996;Schultz, 2006;Ramayya et al, 2014), has longer-lasting effects (Shmuelof et al, 2012b;Therrien et al, 2016), and is mediated by circuits involving the basal ganglia and motor cortex (Huntley et al, 1992;Ziemann et al, 2001;Luft and Schwarz, 2009;Hosp et al, 2011;Kawai et al, 2015). In this manner, learning new motor behaviors is driven in part by reward-prediction errors that allow the selection of actions based on their likelihood of reinforcement (Sutton and Barto, 1998;Lee et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Learning Enhances Use-Dependent Plasticity

Mawase¹,

Uehara

Bastian³

et al. 2017

J. Neurosci.

117

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Motor behaviors are shaped not only by current sensory signals but also by the history of recent experiences. For instance, repeated movements toward a particular target bias the subsequent movements toward that target direction. This process, called use-dependent plasticity (UDP), is considered a basic and goal-independent way of forming motor memories. Most studies consider movement history as the critical component that leads to UDP (Classen et al., 1998; Verstynen and Sabes, 2011). However, the effects of learning (i.e., improved performance) on UDP during movement repetition have not been investigated. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation in two experiments to assess plasticity changes occurring in the primary motor cortex after individuals repeated reinforced and nonreinforced actions. The first experiment assessed whether learning a skill task modulates UDP. We found that a group that successfully learned the skill task showed greater UDP than a group that did not accumulate learning, but made comparable repeated actions. The second experiment aimed to understand the role of reinforcement learning in UDP while controlling for reward magnitude and action kinematics. We found that providing subjects with a binary reward without visual feedback of the cursor led to increased UDP effects. Subjects in the group that received comparable reward not associated with their actions maintained the previously induced UDP. Our findings illustrate how reinforcing consistent actions strengthens use-dependent memories and provide insight into operant mechanisms that modulate plastic changes in the motor cortex. Performing consistent motor actions induces use-dependent plastic changes in the motor cortex. This plasticity reflects one of the basic forms of human motor learning. Past studies assumed that this form of learning is exclusively affected by repetition of actions. However, here we showed that success-based reinforcement signals could affect the human use-dependent plasticity (UDP) process. Our results indicate that learning augments and interacts with UDP. This effect is important to the understanding of the interplay between the different forms of motor learning and suggests that reinforcement is not only important to learning new behaviors, but can shape our subsequent behavior via its interaction with UDP.

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Strength Training Biases Goal-Directed Aiming

Abstract: Our findings suggest that bias effects of training involving strong neural drive generalize broadly to untrained movement directions and are expressed according to extrinsic rather than muscle-based coordinates.

Cited by 14 publications

References 41 publications

Use‐dependent directional bias does not transfer to the untrained limb during bimanual contractions

Use‐dependent directional bias does not transfer to the untrained limb during bimanual contractions

Neural gain induced by startling acoustic stimuli is additive to preparatory activation

Motor Learning Enhances Use-Dependent Plasticity

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