Strengthened theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation as an adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: An open-label pilot study

Stimulating Memory: Reviewing Interventions Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Enhance or Restore Memory Abilities

“…rTMS of left dlPFC has produced moderately consistent effects on RSFC but less consistent cognitive outcomes. Regarding cognitive changes associated with left dlPFC rTMS, eight of twelve studies reviewed here reported significant cognitive improvements associated with high-frequency stimulation [14,33,34,37,38,40,41,[43][44][45]70,71]. Further, one study using low-frequency rTMS reported acute cognitive impairment [42].…”

“…For example, in our survey of this literature, primarily high-frequency rTMS was used. In several studies that applied high-frequency rTMS to left dlPFC, stimulation was associated with improved scores on one or more common cognitive assessments, including the MoCA, MMSE, and/or ADAS-Cog [14,33,35,44]. In a smaller number of studies, significant improvements were also reported on domain-specific assessments of memory cognitive abilities such as associative memory and relational memory [37,44,74,82].…”

“…Notably, significant improvements in cognitive measures were often associated with ten or more rTMS sessions. Specifically, improvements in AVLT, paired associate learning, MMSE, ADAS-cog, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, letter-number sequencing, association memory, recognition, logical memory, MoCA, and word/image association were observed following ten or more sessions of rTMS for cognitively impaired individuals [11,14,[33][34][35]37,44]. Although a wide variety of cognitive abilities have been observed to improve following ten or more sessions of high frequency rTMS, no studies were found in cognitively impaired individuals applying fewer sessions of rTMS.…”

Accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation broadly ameliorates symptoms and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial

“…The present study aimed to estimate the efficacy of iTBS to enhance AM among patients with AD using a randomized, doubleblind, sham-controlled trial [43]. Comprehensive clinical and cognitive tests were conducted to identify the individualized outcome predictors, which were further validated by independent data.…”

Factors affecting the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with Alzheimer’s disease

“…可使 AD 患者的大脑皮层兴奋性提高，诱导突触 的长时程增强，以达到认知功能的改善 [16] 。AD 患者的脑血流量和代谢偏低，而高频 rTMS 可提 高脑代谢水平和脑血流，这可能也是高频刺激疗 效较好的原因 [17][18] 。 目 前 临 床 常 用 的 r T M S 刺 激 模 式 需 要 2 03 0 min [19] ，这可能是影响 AD 患者疗效的一个因 素。AD 患者的配合程度比较差，很难做到长时间 保持头部位置固定，而头部活动会导致 rTMS 刺激 靶点的移动。iTBS 是 rTMS 的一种特殊模式，其每 次治疗只需几分钟，可减少靶点移动带来的误 差 [20] 。Wu 等 [21] 发现左侧 DLPFC 的 iTBS 能显著 改善 AD 患者的认知功能尤其是记忆功能。一项 抑郁症的多中心研究发现 iTBS 与常规 rTMS 疗效 相当 [22] ，但 iTBS 的费用约为常规 rTMS 的三分之 二 [23] 11] 。荟萃分析结果显示，长期 rTMS(超过5 次)…”