Twenty years of history: the 20th anniversary special issue of Journal of Intellectual Capital The Journal of Intellectual Capital (JIC) recently celebrated its 20-year history of publishing high-quality scientific articles exploring research questions about intellectual capital (IC), including human capital, structural capital and relational capital. To commemorate these 20 years of publishing, the editorial team announced a special issue on this history and to explore the future of this field of scientific inquiry. This special issue carries on the tradition of excellence in research and offers insightful articles for our readers.In the previous century, most companies were valued primarily on their book value: that is, a publicly traded firm's market capitalization ("market cap" equals share price times number of outstanding shares) was often not much greater than its "book value" (the value of all its tangible assets, like "plant and equipment"), with only a few firms demonstrating higher valuations because of growing sales, brand value, strategic relationships or other factors not found on a firm's balance sheet. Tangible assets made up over 83% of US firm's valuations in the 1970s. This is no longer true. Currently, about 90% of the value of the "S&P500" (the 500 largest publicly traded companies in the US) now comprises intangible assets. How did this happen? How do we measure this value? How can firms exploit their opportunities to grow this value? How can this be sustained? How can it be protected and secured?IC collectively refers to all the factors that determine an organization's value. It is the individual and collective knowledge and skills, applied experience and expertise, enterprise processes, technologies, customer relationships and inter-organizational relationships which confer value to a firm often not measured through traditional accounting methods. It comprises human capital (of employees), organizational (or collective) capital and relationship capital. IC also stands for future earning capabilities (Edvinsson, 2013).IC is often the primary driver of an organization's success. It starts with the creativity and innovation created by individuals and workgroups who develop knowledge artifacts such as intellectual property, disruptive technologies, brands and franchises, and innovative internal processes, and successful external partnerships and alliances. Firms and not-for-profit organizations who harness and leverage these information and knowledge artifacts can increase efficiencies and effectiveness, can establish strategic sources of competitive advantage and can ultimately create IC assets, not shown on a balance sheet, which can result in differences between a company's market value and its book value. Such firms (and others) often transform this IC into significant growth and disruption of market sectors.These key knowledge artifacts, increasingly the source of a firm's value, must be created and exploited. Firms seek to hire personnel to "think outside the box" and then create formal ...