Strengthening effect of super typhoon Rammasun (2014) on upwelling and cold eddies in the South China Sea

Li, Xue; Zhang, Xiaolong; Fu, Dongyang; Liao, Shan

doi:10.1007/s00343-020-9239-x

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Compared to UAYRE, UAZS exhibited higher EPV values, indicating that the wind field continued to strengthen the upwelling intensity at UAZS. Ekman suction promotes oceanic upwelling, so the upwelling during a typhoon is much stronger than usual, facilitating the transport of subsurface nutrients to the upper ocean layers [17,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in Formula (6), x and y represent the data before and after conversion, respectively, and max(x) and min(x) represent the maximum and minimum values of the dataset, respectively [17].…”

Section: Min-max Normalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During typhoon periods, cloud cover can cause data gaps in remote sensing observations [17]; fishing activities are quite frequent in the ECS, making it challenging to conduct long-term on-site mooring observations [18]; additionally, the adverse sea conditions during typhoons make it unfavorable for conducting observational voyages and in situ observations at sea [19]. Generally, reanalysis/model products combined multi-source satellite remote sensing data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics have advantages of providing high resolution and vertical information [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Typhoon “In-Fa” (2021) on Temperature, Salinity, and Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Upwelling Area of Northwestern East China Sea

Che,

Guo,

Mantravadi

et al. 2023

Atmosphere

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Severe typhoon “In-Fa” passed through the northwestern region of East China Sea (ECS) in July 2021, affecting oceanic variables such as seawater temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration over the upwelling area. In this study, we analyzed the influence of the passage of typhoon “In-Fa” on the marine environment over the Upwelling Area off the Yangtze River Estuary (UAYRE) and the Upwelling Area of Zhoushan (UAZS). The results showed a significant decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) during the “In-Fa” typhoon, with maximum SST reductions of 2.98 °C in the UAYRE and 1.46 °C in the UAZS, which showed a “right bias” (indicating a greater cooling effect on the right side of the typhoon path compared to the left side). “In-Fa” influenced the temperature and salinity structure of the study areas and deepened the mixed layer depth (MLD). The MLD varied from the shallowest values of 2.02 m (18 July) to the deepest values of 19.4 m (26 July) in the UAYRE and from 2.43 m (18 July) to 16.79 m (25 July) in the UAZS. Furthermore, “In-Fa” led to an increase in sea surface Chl-a concentration, with a maximum Chl-a concentration enhancement of 285.58% (from 20 July to 28 July) in the UAYRE and 233.33% (from 20 July to 27 July) in the UAZS. The Ekman suction effect of “In-Fa” strengthened the upwelling, facilitating the transport of deep-sea nutrients to the upper ocean and providing favorable conditions for the growth of phytoplankton, thus benefiting the reproduction and survival of zooplankton, fish, and shrimp. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms by which typhoons impact the ocean environment in upwelling area and provides valuable insights for the sustainable development of marine fisheries resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in Formula (6), x and y represent the data before and after conversion, respectively, and max(x) and min(x) represent the maximum and minimum values of the dataset, respectively [17].…”

Section: Min-max Normalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Typhoon “In-Fa” (2021) on Temperature, Salinity, and Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Upwelling Area of Northwestern East China Sea

Che,

Guo,

Mantravadi

et al. 2023

Atmosphere

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“…Previous research in the Beibu Gulf mostly focused on the impacts of TCs on storm surges [44], biochemical changes [45], and geological responses [46]. Li et al [47] used satellite remote sensing data to analyze the SST response in the Beibu Gulf to the super typhoon 'Rammasun' in 2014, discovering a decrease in SST of 0.5-1 • C across the Gulf. Liu et al [48] pointed out that the super typhoon 'Mangkhut' in 2018 led to the accumulation of warm water in the southern Beibu Gulf, resulting in a warming effect on the nearshore regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Shallow-Water Temperature and Significant Wave Height to Sequential Tropical Cyclones in the Northeast Beibu Gulf

Chen,

Xie,

et al. 2024

JMSE

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Using shallow-water buoy observations, reanalysis data, and numerical models, this study analyzes the variations in sea temperature and significant wave height (SWH) caused by two sequential tropical cyclones (TCs) ‘Lionrock’ and ‘Kompasu’ in October 2021 in the northeast Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. The results show that the sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of the nearshore waters was larger than the offshore water in the basin of the gulf, with the cooling amplitude and rate decreasing and the cooling time lagging behind wind increasing from coast to offshore. The near-surface temperature at the buoy station had a maximum decrease of 2.8 °C after ‘Lionrock’, and the decrease increased slightly to 3 °C after the stronger wind of ‘Kompasu’. The total decrease of 4.6 °C indicates that the sequential TCs had a superimposed effect on the cooling of the Beibu Gulf. The heat budget analysis revealed that the sea surface heat loss and the Ekman pumping rate in the nearshore waters during ‘Kompasu’ (−535 W/m2 and 5.8 × 10−4 m/s, respectively) were significantly higher than that (−418 W/m2 and 4 × 10−4 m/s) during ‘Lionrock’. On the other hand, the SST cooling (−1.2 °C) during the second TC is smaller than (−1.6 °C) the first weaker TC in the gulf basin, probably due to the deepening of the mixed layer. During the observation period, the waves in the Beibu Gulf were predominantly wind-driven. The maximum SWHs reached 1.58 m and 2.3 m at the bouy station near shore during the two TCs, and the SWH variation was highly correlated to the wind variation with a correlation of 0.95. The SWH increases from the nearshore to offshore waters during the TCs. The SAWN and ARCIRC coupled model results suggest that wave variations in the Beibu Gulf are primarily influenced by water depth, bottom friction, and whitecapping. Two days after the TCs, sea surface cooling and high waves appeared again due to a cold air event.

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“…The dynamic adjustment process of eddies and the upwelling induced by TCs themselves lead to changes in the three-dimensional structure of the cyclonic eddies, including ellipse deformation and re-axisymmetrization on the horizontal plane, resulting in eddy intensification. The presence of cold eddies not only exacerbates the sea surface cooling in the post-TC cold-eddy region but also accompanies a decrease in the sea level anomaly (SLA), deepening of the mixed layer, a strong cooling in the subsurface, increased chlorophyll-a concentration within the eddy, and substantial increases in EKE and available potential energy (Shang et al, 2015;Liu and Tang, 2018;Li et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The different dynamic influences of Typhoon Kalmaegi on two pre-existing anticyclonic ocean eddies

He,

Lin,

Han

et al. 2024

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. Using multi-source observational data and GLORYS12V1 reanalysis data, we conduct a comparative analysis of different responses of two warm eddies, AE1 and AE2 in the northern South China Sea, to Typhoon Kalmaegi during September 2014. The findings of our research are as follows: (1) for horizontal distribution, the area and the sea surface temperature (SST) of AE1 and AE2 decrease by about 31 % (36 %) and 0.4 °C (0.6 °C). The amplitude, Rossby number (Ro = relative vorticity / Coriolis parameter) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) of AE1 increase by 1.3 cm (5.7 %), 1.4×10-2 (20.6 %) and 107.2 cm2 s−2 (49.2 %) after the typhoon, respectively, while AE2 weakens and the amplitude, Rossby number and EKE decrease by 3.1 cm (14.6 %), 1.6×10-2 (26.2 %) and 38.5 cm2 s−2 (20.2 %), respectively. (2) In the vertical direction, AE1 demonstrates enhanced convergence, leading to an increase in temperature and a decrease in salinity above 150 m. The response below the mixed-layer depth (MLD) is particularly prominent (1.3 °C). In contrast, AE2 experiences cooling and a decrease in salinity above the MLD. Below the MLD, it exhibits a subsurface temperature drop and salinity increase due to the upwelling of cold water induced by the suction effect of the typhoon. (3) The disparity in the responses of the two warm eddies can be attributed to their different positions relative to Typhoon Kalmaegi. Under the influence of negative wind stress curl outside the maximum wind radius (Rmax) of the typhoon, triggering negative Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and quasi-geostrophic adjustment of the eddy, the warm eddy AE1, with its center to the left of the typhoon's path, further enhances the converging sinking of the upper warm water, resulting in its intensification. On the other hand, the warm eddy AE2, situated closer to the center of the typhoon, weakens due to the cold suction caused by the strong positive wind stress curl within the typhoon's Rmax. The same polarity eddies may have different response to typhoons. The distance between eddies and typhoons, eddy intensity, and the background field need to be considered.

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Strengthening effect of super typhoon Rammasun (2014) on upwelling and cold eddies in the South China Sea

Cited by 12 publications

References 53 publications

The Impact of Typhoon “In-Fa” (2021) on Temperature, Salinity, and Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Upwelling Area of Northwestern East China Sea

The Impact of Typhoon “In-Fa” (2021) on Temperature, Salinity, and Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Upwelling Area of Northwestern East China Sea

Response of Shallow-Water Temperature and Significant Wave Height to Sequential Tropical Cyclones in the Northeast Beibu Gulf

The different dynamic influences of Typhoon Kalmaegi on two pre-existing anticyclonic ocean eddies

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