Strengthening global health security by improving disease surveillance in remote rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries

Worsley‐Tonks, Katherine E. L.; Bender, Jeff; Deem, Sharon L.; Ferguson, Adam W.; Fèvre, Eric M.; Martins, Dino J.; Muloi, Dishon; Murray, Suzan; Mutinda, Mathew; Ogada, Darcy; Paul, George; Prasad, Shailendra; Wild, H; Zimmerman, Dawn; Hassell, James M.

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00031-6

Cited by 70 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Combined with collaborative genomic surveillance efforts between viral ecologists and veterinarians to study viral mixing at the human–animal interface, in vitro studies and animal experiments exploring the biology of SARS-CoV-2 recombination will be essential to understand how recombination plays into the path and pace of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Further, global genomic surveillance needs to continue with a strengthened focus on LMICs, including in remote regions; it is worth noting that genomic surveillance teams in Botswana and South Africa first discovered the Omicron variant [ 114 , 115 ]. Genomic surveillance data directly impact vaccine updates and the need to implement new public health interventions [ 116 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations

2022

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In this review, we discuss the epidemiological dynamics of different viral infections to project how the transition from a pandemic to endemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might take shape. Drawing from theories of disease invasion and transmission dynamics, waning immunity in the face of viral evolution and antigenic drift, and empirical data from influenza, dengue, and seasonal coronaviruses, we discuss the putative periodicity, severity, and age dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as it becomes endemic. We review recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, immunology, and evolution that are particularly useful in projecting the transition to endemicity and highlight gaps that warrant further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations

2022

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“…Countries undergoing rapid intensification of animal production such as Thailand provide a unique opportunity to better understand the role of farming practices on the dissemination of AMR at the farm level [53,54]. In 2019, a total of 2,566,704 kg (Mulchandani et al, unpublished results) of antimicrobials were sold in Thailand for animal use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-associations of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing (ESBL) or AmpC producing E. coli in small and medium pig farms from Khon Kaen province, Thailand

et al. 2022

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Thailand is undergoing rapid intensification of livestock production where small subsistence farms and medium sized commercial farms coexist. In medium farms, antimicrobials are prescribed by a veterinarian, whereas in small farms antimicrobial use remains largely unsupervised. The impact of these differences as well as other farming practices on the emergence and composition of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) remains largely unknown. We analyzed 363 genomes of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing (ESBL) and/or AmpC producing Escherichia coli recovered from humans and pigs at small and medium farms from the Khon Kaen province, Thailand. We tested for genome-wide associations to identify links between ARGs, host, and farm size. Pig isolates from small farms were associated with mcr and qnr genes conferring resistance to colistin and fluoroquinolones, respectively. In contrast, pig isolates from medium farms were associated with ARGs conferring resistance to drugs commonly used on medium farms (i.e., streptomycin). ESBL plasmids from small farms co-carried ARGs conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials more frequently compared to plasmid from medium farms. Frequent ARG combinations included blaCTX-M-55 + qnrS1 (29.8% vs 17.5% in small and medium farms, respectively), blaCTX-M-55 + qnrS1 + mcr-3.19 (5% vs 0%), blaCTX-M-14 + qnrS1 (9.3% vs 6.2%), and blaCTX-M-14 + qnrS1 + mcr-1.1 (3.1% vs 0%). The co-location on plasmids of ARGs conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization is concerning, and actions to curb their spread are urgently needed. Legislation on limiting antimicrobial sales and initiatives to better inform farmers and veterinarians on appropriate antimicrobial usage and farm biosecurity could help reduce antimicrobial use on farms.

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“…14 15 Given its potential to enhance the early warning and containment function of national surveillance systems, CBS is increasingly framed as a promising surveillance modality in the discourse around global health security. 16 Case identification and reporting are often carried out at health facilities. Health facilities are able to perform these functions for various reasons: (1) they are typically staffed by healthcare workers who are able to carry out case identification based on standardised case definitions, (2) they are part of a network capable of centralised communication and reporting using an established data collection system, (3) they may provide allied health services (eg, laboratory services) that enable case detection and confirmation, and (4) they attract people who are seeking care for diseases or conditions under surveillance.…”

Section: Bmj Global Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-based surveillance of infectious diseases: a systematic review of drivers of success

et al. 2022

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IntroductionCommunity-based surveillance may improve early detection and response to disease outbreaks by leveraging the capacity of community members to carry out surveillance activities within their communities. In 2021, the WHO published a report detailing the evidence gaps and research priorities around community-centred approaches to health emergencies. In response, we carried out a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence describing the drivers of success of community-based surveillance systems.MethodsWe included grey literature and peer-reviewed sources presenting empirical findings of the drivers of success of community-based surveillance systems for the detection and reporting of infectious disease-related events. We searched for peer-reviewed literature via MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, SCOPUS and ReliefWeb. We carried out grey literature searches using Google Search and DuckDuckGo. We used an evaluation quality checklist to assess quality.ResultsNineteen sources (17 peer-reviewed and 2 grey literature) met our inclusion criteria. Included sources reported on community-based surveillance for the detection and reporting of a variety of diseases in 15 countries (including three conflict settings). The drivers of success were grouped based on factors relating to: (1) surveillance workers, (2) the community, (3) case detection and reporting, (4) and integration.DiscussionThe drivers of success were found to map closely to principles of participatory community engagement with success factors reflecting high levels of acceptability, collaboration, communication, local ownership, and trust. Other factors included: strong supervision and training, a strong sense of responsibility for community health, effective engagement of community informants, close proximity of surveillance workers to communities, the use of simple and adaptable case definitions, quality assurance, effective use of technology, and the use of data for real-time decision-making. Our findings highlight strategies for improving the design and implementation of community-based surveillance. We suggest that investment in participatory community engagement more broadly may be a key surveillance preparedness activity.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022303971.

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Strengthening global health security by improving disease surveillance in remote rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries

Cited by 70 publications

References 31 publications

Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations

Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations

Genome-associations of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing (ESBL) or AmpC producing E. coli in small and medium pig farms from Khon Kaen province, Thailand

Community-based surveillance of infectious diseases: a systematic review of drivers of success

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