Stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in adolescence and early adulthood.

Adam, Emma K.; Villaume, Sarah Collier; Thomas, Sara L; Doane, Leah D.; Grant, Kathryn E.

doi:10.1037/0000298-004

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…We examined the combined impact of domain-specific hedonic and eudemonic factors in relation to long-term resilience, despite physical abuse at home, and additionally associated physical abuse in the family with blunted cortisol reactivity ( 26 , 27 ) and HPA as a brain response with an increased release of stress hormones ( 78 ). Overall, our results highlight the importance of hormones for understanding resilience status in adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, our results highlight the importance of hormones for understanding resilience status in adolescence. Cortisol is increasingly released in response to a stressor (cortisol reactivity; 26 ). Through the use of a person-centered analytical approach utilizing latent class and transition analysis, we were able to identify and compare four distinct patterns of violence-resilience over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adam et al. ( 26 ) summarized the influence of stress on HPA axis (dis)regulation, including: maltreatment, bullying, low socioeconomic status, violence exposure, and discrimination. Note also that acute exposure to these stresses is often associated with stronger acute cortisol reactivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adam et al. ( 26 ) saw this difference in response as rooted in the threat to the social self. In their study, Doom et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 70 ) study showed no difference between varying stress measures, the negative association between hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and dispositional optimism provided evidence that processing plays a role. Theory and some evidence suggest that both the body’s response to cortisol and the baseline levels of cortisol may shift from elevated to suppressed levels the longer a stressor lasts, and the more time has passed since its exposure ( 26 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the complex relationship between resilience and hair cortisol levels in adolescence despite parental physical abuse: a fourth wave of resilience research

Kassis,

Aksoy,

Favre

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionTo understand the family’s role in adolescents’ mental health development and the connection to neurodevelopmental disorders related to experienced parental physical abuse, we first explored resilience pathways longitudinally and secondly, connected the identified patterns to adolescents’ hair cortisol levels that are rooted in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis as the main stress response system and connected brain structure alterations.MethodsWe analyzed longitudinal online questionnaire data for three consecutive high school years (from seventh to ninth grade) and four survey waves from a representative sample of n = 1609 high school students in Switzerland on violence–resilience pathways. Furthermore, we collected students’ hair samples from a subsample of n = 229 at survey wave 4. About 30% of the participating adolescents had been physically abused by their parents. Out of the overall sample, we drew a subsample of adolescents with parental abuse experiences (survey wave 1 n = 509; survey wave 2 n = 506; survey wave 3 n = 561; survey wave 4 n = 560).ResultsDespite the odds, about 20–30% of adolescents who have experienced parental physical abuse escaped the family violence cycle and can be called resilient. By applying a person-oriented analytical approach via latent class and transition analysis, we longitudinally identified and compared four distinct violence–resilience patterns. We identified violence resilience as a multidimensional latent construct, which includes hedonic and eudaimonic protective and risk indicators. Because resilience should not solely be operationalized based on the lack of psychopathology, our latent construct included both feeling good (hedonic indicators such as high levels of self-esteem and low levels of depression/anxiety and dissociation) and doing well (eudaimonic indicators such as high levels of self-determination and self-efficacy as well as low levels of aggression toward peers).DiscussionThe present study confirmed that higher cortisol levels significantly relate to the comorbid pattern (internalizing and externalizing symptoms), and further confirmed the presence of lasting alterations in brain structures. In this way, we corroborated the insight that when studying the resilience pathways and trajectories of abused adolescents, biological markers such as hair cortisol significantly enhance and deepen the understanding of the longitudinal mechanisms of psychological markers (e.g., self-determination, self-esteem, self-efficacy) that are commonly applied in questionnaires.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adam et al. ( 26 ) saw this difference in response as rooted in the threat to the social self. In their study, Doom et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the complex relationship between resilience and hair cortisol levels in adolescence despite parental physical abuse: a fourth wave of resilience research

Kassis,

Aksoy,

Favre

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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Framing resilience linked to parental ethnic‐racial socialization as hidden: A hidden resilience conceptual framework

Del Toro,

Bernard,

Lee

et al. 2024

Social & Personality Psych

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Parental ethnic‐racial socialization is a source of adolescents' resilience against ethnic‐racial discrimination. Recent meta‐analyses have documented the promotive aspects of ethnic‐racial socialization (i.e., how ethnic‐racial socialization is directly related with adolescents' adjustment regardless of their discrimination experiences). However, extant empirical studies have produced conflicting results about the protection or moderating role of ethnic‐racial socialization, with studies suggesting that ethnic‐racial socialization buffers, exacerbates, or does not moderate the impacts of ethnic‐racial discrimination. We offer a reconceptualization of existing studies' findings and draw from existing theories to propose Hidden Resilience as a new conceptual framework that highlights how resilience and the positive benefits linked to ethnic‐racial socialization may not be noticeable when studies use psychosocial measures but is rather hidden “underneath the skin.” Conversations about racism may momentarily feel uncomfortable, upsetting, or stressful for youth, but such conversations can help youth learn how to cope with ethnic‐racial discrimination in the long term. Following a review of studies supporting our conceptual framework, we provide suggestions for future research to expand the field's understanding of resilience linked to ethnic‐racial socialization.

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Associations Between Child Maltreatment Types and Pre- and Post-Partum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Brief Report

Frederickson,

Pigeon,

Hébert

et al. 2024

IJCAR

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Objective: To foster resilience through reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pregnant mothers with child maltreatment (CM) histories, it is important to understand factors impacting their well-being. This study explored whether CM predicted the severity of PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters during pregnancy and change in symptoms from pregnancy (Time 1; T1) to 3 months postpartum (Time 2; T2). Methods: 88 pregnant women (aged 18 to 29) completed surveys on CM exposure, adult interpersonal trauma experiences, and PTSD symptoms at T1; 58 participated at T2. Results: Stepwise regressions were conducted with the covariates age, family status, and adult interpersonal traumas. When accounting for all CM types, only neglect remained associated with overall PTSD symptoms (Ft1(1, 71) = 28.93, p < .001) and for each of the PTSD symptom clusters (ps < .01). Physical abuse remained associated with the alterations in cognition and mood cluster. No CM types were associated with changes in PTSD symptoms from T1 to T2. Implications: In future research, the implications of neglect for pregnant mothers should be explored in depth. Perinatal care should be trauma-informed, including assessing for CM histories, to foster greater resilience by reducing perinatal PTSD symptoms.

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Stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in adolescence and early adulthood.

Cited by 3 publications

References 115 publications

On the complex relationship between resilience and hair cortisol levels in adolescence despite parental physical abuse: a fourth wave of resilience research

On the complex relationship between resilience and hair cortisol levels in adolescence despite parental physical abuse: a fourth wave of resilience research

Framing resilience linked to parental ethnic‐racial socialization as hidden: A hidden resilience conceptual framework

Associations Between Child Maltreatment Types and Pre- and Post-Partum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Brief Report

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