Stress and Immunity in Fish

Tort, Lluís; Balasch, Juan

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_20

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 265 publications

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“…Additionally, inflammation during wound healing did not activate the stress response; therein, no detectable bidirectional communication between the HPI-axis and the immune system was seen regarding the wound group within the framework of the study. However, bi-directional communication with interactions between the immune-and endocrine network, cannot be dismissed as a possible influence on the chronic stress response in the wound + stress group through elevated stress hormones, higher inflammation and slower wound healing in inside wounds ( Stolte et al, 2008 ; Pérez-Casanova et al, 2010 ; Tort, 2011 ; Wendelaar Bonga, 2011 ; Tort and Balasch, 2022 ). The introduction of a wound is followed by an inflammation response which will produce inflammatory cytokines (discussed in 4.2) that are under glucocorticoid control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of a wound is followed by an inflammation response which will produce inflammatory cytokines (discussed in 4.2) that are under glucocorticoid control. Yet the exact role of cytokines within the stress axes is ill-defined ( Tort and Balasch, 2022 ). What has been described is mainly the up and downregulation of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by glucocorticoids in various fish species ( Verburg-van Kemenade et al, 2011 ; Nardocci et al, 2014 ; Philip and Vijayan, 2015 ; Yarahmadi et al, 2016 ; Khansari et al, 2017b ; Reyes-López et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress has slowed wound healing in humans, mice, reptiles, and several fish species ( Kiecolt-Glaser et al, 1995 ; Marucha et al, 1998 ; Padgett et al, 1998 ; French et al, 2006 ; Sveen et al, 2018 ). A comprehensive review of stress and the immune system in fish has been established by Tort and Balasch (2022) , while assessments for stress and wound healing have been established for humans ( Christian et al, 2006 ; Vileikyte, 2007 ). The effect of chronic stress on deep cutaneous wounds in Atlantic salmon has been described by Sveen et al (2018) , as well as the impact of hydrocortisone implants on wound repair described by Roubal and Bullock (1988) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immune system and stress system have a location of significant crosstalk in the head kidney, where chromaffin cells, interrenal cells, and hematopoietic tissue are located to form a system known as the neuroimmunoendocrine regulatory feedback system ( Tort and Balasch, 2022 ). The effects of stress on healing are mainly through the influence glucocorticoids have on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor-α ( Christian et al, 2006 ; Guo and DiPietro, 2010 ; Serra et al, 2017 ; Tort and Balasch, 2022 ). In the current study, an increased inflammation exaggerated in the first 2 weeks for the stress + wound group can be identified compared to the wound group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic stress negatively impacts wound healing, welfare, and stress regulation in internally tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

et al. 2023

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The desire to understand fish welfare better has led to the development of live monitoring sensor tags embedded within individuals for long periods. Improving and understanding welfare must not come at the cost of impaired welfare due to a tag’s presence and implantation process. When welfare is compromised, the individual will experience negative emotions such as fear, pain, and distress, impacting the stress response. In this study, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) underwent surgical implantation of a dummy tag. Additionally, half of this group was introduced to daily crowding stress. Both groups and an untagged group were followed for 8 weeks using triplicate tanks per group. Sampling took place once a week, and where stress was given, it was conducted 24 h before sampling. Stress-related measurements were taken to understand if tagging caused chronic stress and explore the chronic stress response and its impact on wound healing. Primary stress response hormones measured included CRH, dopamine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol. Secondary stress response parameters measured included glucose, lactate, magnesium, calcium, chloride, and osmolality. Tertiary stress response parameters measured included weight, length, and five fins for fin erosion. Wound healing was calculated by taking the incision length and width, the inflammation length and width, and the inside wound length and width. The wound healing process showed that stressed fish have a larger and longer-lasting inflammation period and a slower wound healing process, as seen from the inside wound. The tagging of Atlantic salmon did not cause chronic stress. In contrast, daily stress led to an allostatic overload type two response. ACTH was elevated in the plasma after 4 weeks, and cortisol followed elevation after 6 weeks, highlighting a breakdown of the stress regulation. Fin erosion was elevated alongside cortisol increase in the stressed group. This data suggests that tagging previously unstressed fish in a controlled environment does not negatively affect welfare regarding stress responses. It also indicates that stress delays wound healing and increases the inflammatory response, highlighting how continued stress causes a breakdown in some stress responses. Ultimately, the tagging of Atlantic salmon can be successful under certain conditions where proper healing is observed, tag retention is high, and chronic stress is not present, which could allow for the possible measurement of welfare indicators via smart-tags.

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