Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease

McEwen, Bruce S.

doi:10.1001/archinte.153.18.2093

Cited by 1,701 publications

(2,102 citation statements)

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“…There might also be a physiological pathway, in which low social participation and isolation may influence health and coronary heart disease, e.g. acute myocardial infarction, by increasing psychological stress which in turn activates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis by the release of corticotropic-releasing factor (CRF) from neuronal cell bodies of the paraventricular nucleus (Dallman 1993), which ultimately cause the release of cortisol (McEwen et al 1993;Koob et al 1993). Increasing the production of cortisol, stress causes various sympathetic changes, including increased blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and catecholamine production (Cacioppo 1994;Christensen 1994) and, ultimately, heart disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social capital, the miniaturisation of community, traditionalism and first time acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study in southern Sweden

Ali

Merlo

Rosvall

et al. 2006

Social Science & Medicine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social capital, the miniaturisation of community, traditionalism and first time acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study in southern Sweden

Ali

Merlo

Rosvall

et al. 2006

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Since the relationship between environmental stress and disease is cumulative and emerges over time (Dube et al, 2009;McEwen and Stellar, 1993), one question is whether it is plausible that racial bias measured contemporaneously with death rates would predict those death rates. Critically, however, previous research indicates that community-level racial bias is highly stable over time (Leitner et al, 2016;Schmidt and Nosek, 2010), suggesting that community-level bias estimates aggregated across 2003e2013 likely captured community-level bias that predated 2003.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Leitner

Hehman

Ayduk

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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a b s t r a c tRationale: Research suggests that, among Whites, racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes. However, little is known about whether racial bias predicts ingroup health outcomes among minority populations. Objective: The aim of the current research was to understand whether racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes for Blacks. Method: We compiled racial bias responses from 250,665 Blacks and 1,391,632 Whites to generate county-level estimates of Blacks' and Whites' implicit and explicit biases towards each other. We then examined the degree to which these biases predicted ingroup death rate from circulatory-related diseases. Results: In counties where Blacks harbored more implicit bias towards Whites, Blacks died at a higher rate. Additionally, consistent with previous research, in counties where Whites harbored more explicit bias towards Blacks, Whites died at a higher rate. These links between racial bias and ingroup death rate were independent of county-level socio-demographic characteristics, and racial biases from the outgroup in the same county. Conclusion: Findings indicate that racial bias is related to negative ingroup health outcomes for both Blacks and Whites, though this relationship is driven by implicit bias for Blacks, and explicit bias for Whites.

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“…18 The association between chronic stress and impaired immune surveillance functions has long been established, 19,20 while the immunosuppressive effect of chronic stress is presumed to be mediated through excess secretion of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamines. 21,22 Our study was aimed at clarifying the association between natural immunologic defense, stress hormone levels and psychologic status in DBCP. Our findings demonstrate that natural cytotoxicity, in particular against NK-resistant cells, is significantly impaired in DBCP and mostly affected by disturbed hormonal and immunologic mechanisms.…”

Section: Abstract: Chronic Stress; Daughters Of Breast Cancer Patienmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines

Cohen

Klein²,

Kuten³

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

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DBCP who are aware of their increased risk of developing breast cancer may suffer from high emotional distress. Chronic stress may interfere with NCA and low NCA is associated with increased cancer risk. We studied 80 DBCP and 47 age-and education-matched healthy females (controls). Heparinized venous blood (30 ml) was drawn from all subjects between 8 and 9 A.M., and each participant answered a set of psychologic questionnaires. In addition, the firstmorning urine sample was collected. DBCP scored significantly higher in emotional distress compared to controls. Levels of stress hormones in DBCP were higher and in vitro secretion of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-␥ lower compared to controls. NCA against NK-resistant (MCF-7, COLO-205, U937) and NK-sensitive (K562) cell lines was significantly lower in DBCP and much less augmented by in vitro preincubation with IL-2 or IL-12 compared to controls. NCA and in vitro Th1 cytokine secretion were inversely correlated with the degree of emotional distress and the level of stress hormones in blood or urine. High emotional distress and elevated levels of stress hormones are associated with impaired immune surveillance functions in DBCP. This may contribute to the increased risk of DBCP to develop breast cancer. An interventional trial to enhance coping and reduce stress levels may help to decrease the risk for breast cancer onset in DBCP. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: chronic stress; daughters of breast cancer patients; natural cytotoxic activity; Th1 cytokines; stress hormonesThe critical question in immunosurveillance against cancer, which has so far remained unanswered, is whether differences between individuals with regard to immunologic host-defense mechanisms can predict the future development of cancer. Various in vivo studies in humans and mice have shown the significant role of different natural cytotoxic lymphocyte populations in preventing the development of cancer or its metastases. 1-4 However, only a few studies have investigated NCA of peripheral blood lymphocytes among healthy individuals in a general population or those at increased risk of developing cancer. 5-7 NCA has also been demonstrated to be an independent prognostic marker in patients with cancer. 8,9 Imai et al. 10 showed that selected lifestyle factors, such as maintaining body weight, not smoking, increasing intake of green vegetables and moderate alcohol consumption, may have an effect on natural cytotoxicity and that NCA can be increased by altering several lifestyle factors. Other studies have shown that restricted lifestyle changes, such as increasing exercise, losing weight and reducing fat and alcohol intake, are associated with a significant reduction in breast cancer risk (reviewed by Chlebowski 11 ).Whether emotional distress is associated with the onset of cancer in general and of breast cancer in particular has long been debated. Some studies have suggested that the overall prevalence of breast cancer is increased in women who have experienced stressful life events. 12,13 In contrast, the...

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Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease

Cited by 1,701 publications

References 0 publications

Social capital, the miniaturisation of community, traditionalism and first time acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study in southern Sweden

Social capital, the miniaturisation of community, traditionalism and first time acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study in southern Sweden

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines

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