Stress, death, and the biological glue of sinking matter

Nissimov, Jozef I.; Bidle, Kay D.

doi:10.1111/jpy.12506

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The two EhV strains (i.e., EhV207 and EhV99B1) used in this study are phylogenetically distinct and representative of genotypes found in the modern ocean, having been isolated from different geographical locations (Nissimov et al . ) that are characterized by different seasonal temperatures, day light duration and stratification. Together, these allowed us to cover an array of host and co‐occurring coccolithovirus strains that are found in natural populations (Schroeder et al ., ; Martínez Martínez et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two Emiliania huxleyi virus strains (i.e., EhVs) were used in this study for two separate infection experiments: Emiliania huxleyi virus 207 (e.g., EhV207 in Exp1), isolated previously in 2001 from the English Channel (Nissimov et al ., ); and Emiliania huxleyi virus 99B1 (e.g., EhV99B1 in Exp2), isolated in 1999 from a Norwegian Fjord (Pagarete et al ., ). The viruses are phylogenetically related but differ in a number of putative genes encoded on their respective genomes (Nissimov et al ., ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation during viral infection of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi

Nissimov

Vandzura

Johns

et al. 2018

Environmental Microbiology

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Emiliania huxleyi produces calcium carbonate (CaCO ) coccoliths and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), sticky, acidic carbohydrates that facilitate aggregation. E. huxleyi's extensive oceanic blooms are often terminated by coccolithoviruses (EhVs) with the transport of cellular debris and associated particulate organic carbon (POC) to depth being facilitated by TEP-bound 'marine snow' aggregates. The dynamics of TEP production and particle aggregation in response to EhV infection are poorly understood. Using flow cytometry, spectrophotometry and FlowCam visualization of alcian blue (AB)-stained aggregates, we assessed TEP production and the size spectrum of aggregates for E. huxleyi possessing different degrees of calcification and cellular CaCO :POC mass ratios, when challenged with two EhVs (EhV207 and EhV99B1). FlowCam imaging also qualitatively assessed the relative amount of AB-stainable TEP (i.e., blue:red ratio of each particle). We show significant increases in TEP during early phase EhV207-infection (∼ 24 h) of calcifying strains and a shift towards large aggregates following EhV99B1-infection. We also observed the formation of large aggregates with low blue:red ratios, suggesting that other exopolymer substances contribute towards aggregation. Our findings show the potential for virus infection and the associated response of their hosts to impact carbon flux dynamics and provide incentive to explore these dynamics in natural populations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation during viral infection of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi

Nissimov

Vandzura

Johns

et al. 2018

Environmental Microbiology

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“…The E. huxleyi -EhV system is a fundamental model of virulent infection dynamics. Infection in high-density lab cultures and nutrient-amended, eutrophic mesocosms (10 5 –10 6 cells per milliliter; “ crowded ” densities) result in host death and bloom termination within days 25 , 31 , 37 – 39 . In stark contrast, natural E. huxleyi bloom densities across the global ocean are almost exclusively 10 3 cells per milliliter or less (hereafter referred to as “ sparse ” densities; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate infection in a virus–host system previously known for virulent dynamics

et al. 2020

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The blooming cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and its viruses (EhVs) are a model for density-dependent virulent dynamics. EhVs commonly exhibit rapid viral reproduction and drive host death in high-density laboratory cultures and mesocosms that simulate blooms. Here we show that this system exhibits physiology-dependent temperate dynamics at environmentally relevant E. huxleyi host densities rather than virulent dynamics, with viruses switching from a long-term non-lethal temperate phase in healthy hosts to a lethal lytic stage as host cells become physiologically stressed. Using this system as a model for temperate infection dynamics, we present a template to diagnose temperate infection in other virus–host systems by integrating experimental, theoretical, and environmental approaches. Finding temperate dynamics in such an established virulent host–virus model system indicates that temperateness may be more pervasive than previously considered, and that the role of viruses in bloom formation and decline may be governed by host physiology rather than by host–virus densities.

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“…Most reports examined TEP-mediated aggregation as a mechanism facilitating the sinking of particles composed primarily of stressed and dying cells (Nissimov and Bidle, 2017). TEP production indeed increases under various stresses (Chow et al, 2015), but generation of the polymer is also seen in the absence of stress conditions.…”

Section: Phytoplankton Cell-cell Adhesionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicellular Features of Phytoplankton

Abada

Segev

2018

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Microscopic marine phytoplankton drift freely in the ocean, harvesting sunlight through photosynthesis. These unicellular microorganisms account for half of the primary productivity on Earth and play pivotal roles in the biogeochemistry of our planet (Field et al., 1998). The major groups of microalgae that comprise the phytoplankton community are coccolithophores, diatoms and dinoflagellates. In present oceans, phytoplankton individuals and populations are forced to rapidly adjust, as key chemical and physical parameters defining marine habitats are changing globally. Here we propose that microalgal populations often display the characteristics of a multicellular-like community rather than a random collection of individuals. Evolution of multicellularity entails a continuum of events starting from single cells that go through aggregation or clonal divisions (Brunet and King, 2017). Phytoplankton may be an intermediate state between single cells and aggregates of physically attached cells that communicate and co-operate; perhaps an evolutionary snapshot toward multicellularity. In this opinion article, we journey through several studies conducted in two key phytoplankton groups, coccolithophores and diatoms, to demonstrate how observations in these studies could be interpreted in a multicellular context.

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Stress, death, and the biological glue of sinking matter

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation during viral infection of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi

Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation during viral infection of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi

Temperate infection in a virus–host system previously known for virulent dynamics

Multicellular Features of Phytoplankton

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