Stress development during drying of calcium carbonate suspensions containing carboxymethylcellulose and latex particles

Wedin, Pär; Martínez, Carlos; Lewis, Jennifer A.; Daicic, John; Bergström, Lennart

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.030

Cited by 55 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Therefore, stress measurements need to be calibrated against an external reference with welldefined mechanical properties. In conventional studies of the mechanics of coatings and films, this is provided by bonding the coating to a wafer or cantilever and measuring the curvature of the substrate to provide the in-plane stresses (28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Instead, we image and analyze the three-dimensional deformation field of a substrate with well-defined mechanical properties to extract all three components of the stress at an interface between substrate and coating.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging in-plane and normal stresses near an interface crack using traction force microscopy

Engl

Jerison

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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Colloidal coatings, such as paint, are all around us. However, we know little about the mechanics of the film-forming process because the composition and properties of drying coatings vary dramatically in space and time. To surmount this challenge, we extend traction force microscopy to quantify the spatial distribution of all three components of the stress at the interface of two materials. We apply this approach to image stress near the tip of a propagating interface crack in a drying colloidal coating and extract the stress intensity factor. fracture mechanics | colloids | ceramics T he mechanical failure of coatings plagues electronic, optical, and biological systems (1-3). In many cases, fracture occurs at the interface of dissimilar materials. These interface cracks have been the subject of extensive theoretical and experimental study (4-13). Although much progress has been made in understanding the fracture of hard materials, relatively little is known about the fracture mechanics of soft matter. An extremely challenging and familiar example is the drying of a colloidal coating, such as paint, which starts off as a fluid and fails as a solid (14). We present a robust experimental approach for studying fracture mechanics in systems with complex spatially and temporally varying mechanical properties. Our approach is inspired by recent work in the mechanics of biological cells, where the spatial distribution and magnitude of forces are inferred by the deformation of a compliant substrate (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). We extend this technique, called traction force microscopy, to image the stress near the tip of an advancing interface crack. We compare our results to the anticipated universal scaling of stress near a crack tip to measure the stress intensity factor directly. Results and DiscussionWe study interface cracks formed during the drying of a colloidal coating. Our samples start off as aqueous suspensions of 11-nm radius silica particles (Ludox AS-40) at a volume fraction ϕ ¼ 0.2. Drying transforms this fluid suspension into a brittle solid that cracks prodigiously. To simplify the geometry, we confine the suspension to a rectangular capillary tube, which allows evaporation of solvent from only one edge (23,24). During the course of drying, the composition and material properties are highly heterogeneous, with coexistence of low volume fraction fluid regions and relatively high volume fraction brittle regions. The concentration gradient is localized to a compaction front that moves steadily into the sample (25, 26). The tip of an interface crack, debonding the colloidal coating from the substrate, follows about 500 μm behind the compaction front, as shown in Fig. 1A.We visualize the flow and deformation of the colloid by imaging fluorescent tracer particles with time-lapse 3D confocal microscopy, as shown in Fig. 1 B and C and Movies S1 and S2. The leading edge of the crack is clearly visible in confocal micrographs in a plane near the substrate. Using a simple edge detection algorithm, we can re...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging in-plane and normal stresses near an interface crack using traction force microscopy

Engl

Jerison

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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“…Martinez & Lewis 2002;Wedin et al 2004). Typical values of parameters from table 2 give a surface stress of s xx = −P a + 8.6 × 10 3 t. The greatest possible tensile stress occurs when the pore pressure reaches its minimum value p = P a − 2g/0.15R where…”

Section: (A) Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crust formation in drying colloidal suspensions

Style

Peppin

2010

Proc. R. Soc. A.

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During the drying of colloidal suspensions, the desiccation process causes the suspension near the air interface to consolidate into a connected porous matrix or crust. Fluid transport in the porous medium is governed by Darcy's law and the equations of poroelasticity, while the equations of colloid physics govern processes in the suspension. We derive new equations describing this process, including unique boundary conditions coupling the two regions, yielding a moving-boundary model of the concentration and stress profiles during drying. A solution is found for the steady-state growth of a onedimensional crust during constant evaporation rate from the surface. The solution is used to demonstrate the importance of the system boundary conditions on stress profiles and diffusivity in a drying crust.

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“…Of particular interest is understanding and controlling the stresses that develop during drying of granular films to alleviate crack formation, warping, as well as dimensional changes that can occur in the coating when released from the underlying substrate [7,8]. Recent experimental and theoretical work has investigated the stress evolution of colloidal films and shown that the compressive stress exerted on the particle network during drying originates from the capillary pressure induced by the liquid menisci between the particles [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Routh and Russel described the stress and strain evolution of a drying film based on a model of viscoelastic deformation of particle network, which is of particular relevance for latex film formation [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lewis and co-workers showed that substantial residual stresses develop in non-aqueous colloidal films containing poly(vinyl butyral) [6]. More recently, in work relevant to paper coatings, Wedin et al [9] showed that the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to aqueous calcium carbonate suspensions dominated the stress evolution during drying yielding films with large residual stress values. The origin of residual stresses in such films is distinctly different from the capillary-induced drying stress, whose onset coincides with the point where the particle network ceases to consolidate, i.e., when the liquid-vapor interface first begins to recede into the coating [6,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble organic additive effects on stress development during drying of calcium carbonate suspensions

Wedin¹,

Lewis

Bergström

2005

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Stress development during drying of calcium carbonate suspensions containing carboxymethylcellulose and latex particles

Cited by 55 publications

References 16 publications

Imaging in-plane and normal stresses near an interface crack using traction force microscopy

Imaging in-plane and normal stresses near an interface crack using traction force microscopy

Crust formation in drying colloidal suspensions

Soluble organic additive effects on stress development during drying of calcium carbonate suspensions

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