“…Based on a detailed literature review [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] ], four input parameters were selected as independent variables to study the effect of open holes on the tensile properties of the SS400 steel specimen, comprising hole diameter, location, number, and shape (designated as parameters A, B, C, and D, respectively). The hole locations consisted of (1) centric and (2) eccentric locations, where the latter location represents various practical conditions, especially with structures containing holes that may be positioned off-center relative to the loading direction [ 1 ].…”