Stress Effects on Metabolism and Energy Budgets in Mollusks

Sokolova, Inna M.; Сухотин, А. А.; Lannig, Gisela

doi:10.1002/9781444345988.ch19

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…C 1 : tratamiento 7,85/7,95 pH; C 2 : tratamiento 7,60/7,70 pH; CC: tratamiento de control 8,00/8,40 pH; CL: estación control de muestreo shock proteins or HSPs (Harithsa et al 2005, Hauri et al 2010. In addition to their role in overall cellular protection, HSPs have been reported to enhance 'thermotolerance', or the ability to recover from stress and the ability to cope with subsequent stress processes in various organisms (Tomanek 2010, Sokolova et al 2011, including the octocoral Dendronephthya klunzingeri (Wiens et al (2000). These stress factors have occurred in the coral community LB, as documented by Liñan-Cabello et al (2008, 2010b and will be subsequently discussed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Response to pH stress in the reef-building coral Pocillopora capitata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Delgadillo-Nuño

Liñán‐Cabello

Reyes-Gómez

et al. 2014

Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.

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Resumen.-Para evaluar la respuesta metabólica del coral simbiótico Pocillopora capitata a la reducción del pH del agua de mar en un sistema in vitro, 112 ramas de P. capitata se obtuvieron de la comunidad de corales La Boquita (LB) sin exhibir algún daño aparente de blanqueamiento. Se evaluaron 2 tratamientos de pH: a) 7,85/7,95 pH (Tratamiento C 1 ), b) 7,60/7,70 (Tratamiento C 2 ) y 8,00/8,40 pH tratamiento de control (CC). Las ramas de coral fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a unidades experimentales (n= 38 por tratamiento). Las muestras fueron tomadas en 2 tiempos para el análisis bi oquímico y para evaluar cualitativamente los aspectos microestructurales por microscopía electrónica de barrido: tiempo inicial, muestra tomada en 12 h (T 1 ); tiempo final, muestras del último día de la exposición (T f , día 7 del experimento). A diferencia del tejido simbionte, el análisis bioquímico del tejido del coral reveló que P. capitata muestra una respuesta inmediata reflejada en los coeficientes de ARN/ADN y proteína/ADN, así como en las concentraciones de ARN y proteína, particularmente en el tratamiento de C 2 en las horas iniciales del experimento. El análisis microestructural cualitativo identificó principalmente efectos en el tratamiento C 2 , que fue influenciado por la presencia de disgregaciones micro-superficiales en las regiones terminales de las fibras esqueléticas. Palabras clave: Pocillopora capitata, coral, ARN/ADN, Proteina/ADN, fibras esqueléticas, estrésAbstract.-To evaluate the metabolic response of the symbiotic coral Pocillopora capitata to reduced seawater pH in an in vitro system, 112 branches of P. capitata with no apparent damage from bleaching were collected from the La Boquita (LB) coral community. Two pH treatments were evaluated: a) pH 7.85/7.95 (Treatment C 1 ), b) 7.60/7.70 (Treatment C 2 ), and 8.00/ 8.40 pH control treatment (CC). The coral branches were randomly assigned to experimental units (n= 38 per treatment). Samples were taken at 2 separate times for biochemical analysis and qualitative assessment of microstructural aspects with scanning electron microscopy: initial time, sample taken at 12 h (T 1 ); end time, samples from the final day of exposure (T f , day 7 of the experiment). Unlike the symbiont tissue, the biochemical analysis of the host tissue revealed that P. capitata displayed an immediate response as reflected in the RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios as well as in the concentrations of RNA and protein, particularly in the initial hours of the experiment in treatment C 2 . Qualitative microstructural analysis primarily identified effects in treatment C 2 which was influenced by the presence of micro surface detachments in the terminal regions of the skeletal fibers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Response to pH stress in the reef-building coral Pocillopora capitata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Delgadillo-Nuño

Liñán‐Cabello

Reyes-Gómez

et al. 2014

Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.

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“…Hypercapnia and low salinity, either alone or in combination, also led to a reduction in tissue growth and survival of juveniles, possibly because of energy limitation in the stressed state, as indicated by the partial depletion of tissue energy stores. Such energy limitations can affect the organism's fitness and general stress tolerance and are likely to translate into reduced survival, growth and reproduction of oysters (Pörtner, 2008;Sokolova et al, 2011). The observed effects of hypercapnia and salinity stress on oyster physiology and the shell's material properties are especially remarkable given that oysters, like most estuarine species, can be exposed to periodical bouts of extreme P CO2 levels in their habitats with a reduction in seawater pH down to 6.0-7.5 (Pritchard, 1967;Burnett, 1997;Ringwood and Keppler, 2002) and thus are often considered hypercapnia tolerant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Dickinson

Ivanina

Matoo

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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233

145

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SUMMARYRising levels of atmospheric CO 2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO 2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid-base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied the interactive effects of salinity and partial pressure of CO 2 (P CO2 ) on biomineralization and energy homeostasis in juveniles of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine bivalve. Juveniles were exposed for 11weeks to one of two environmentally relevant salinities (30 or 15PSU) either at current atmospheric P CO2 (~400atm, normocapnia) or P CO2 projected by moderate IPCC scenarios for the year 2100 (~700-800atm, hypercapnia). Exposure of the juvenile oysters to elevated P CO2 and/or low salinity led to a significant increase in mortality, reduction of tissue energy stores (glycogen and lipid) and negative soft tissue growth, indicating energy deficiency. Interestingly, tissue ATP levels were not affected by exposure to changing salinity and P CO2, suggesting that juvenile oysters maintain their cellular energy status at the expense of lipid and glycogen stores. At the same time, no compensatory upregulation of carbonic anhydrase activity was found under the conditions of low salinity and high P CO2 . Metabolic profiling using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed altered metabolite status following low salinity exposure; specifically, acetate levels were lower in hypercapnic than in normocapnic individuals at low salinity. Combined exposure to hypercapnia and low salinity negatively affected mechanical properties of shells of the juveniles, resulting in reduced hardness and fracture resistance. Thus, our data suggest that the combined effects of elevated P CO2 and fluctuating salinity may jeopardize the survival of eastern oysters because of weakening of their shells and increased energy consumption.

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“…The opposite reaction is observed in the case of a hypotonic challenge; mechanisms to control water fluxes into cells include: (1) decreases in membrane permeability to water, (2) changes in the concentration of osmotic effectors (amino acids and organic ions) (reviewed by Pierce, 1982) to decrease internal osmolality, (3) changes in the expression of channels or active membrane carriers -such as Na + /K + -ATPase (NKA) or Na + /K + /Cl − cotransporters, or carbonic anhydrase (Henry et al, 2002;Lovett et al, 2006;Lv et al, 2016) -and (4) the production of ammonia (Rosas et al, 1999), among others (Łapucki and Normant, 2008). Animals exposed to salinity stress must increase their energy expenditure to successfully acclimate to the stressor and ensure cellular protection (Sokolova et al, 2012b). We may thus consider osmoregulation as a costly process, which is probably why it has been extensively studied in terms of bioenergetic costs, namely respiration and aerobic metabolism (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmoregulation, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in coastal marine invertebrates: raising the questions for future research

Rivera‐Ingraham

Lignot

2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

159

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Osmoregulation is by no means an energetically cheap process, and its costs have been extensively quantified in terms of respiration and aerobic metabolism. Common products of mitochondrial activity are reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which may cause oxidative stress by degrading key cell components, while playing essential roles in cell homeostasis. Given the delicate equilibrium between pro-and antioxidants in fueling acclimation responses, the need for a thorough understanding of the relationship between salinity-induced oxidative stress and osmoregulation arises as an important issue, especially in the context of global changes and anthropogenic impacts on coastal habitats. This is especially urgent for intertidal/ estuarine organisms, which may be subject to drastic salinity and habitat changes, leading to redox imbalance. How do osmoregulation strategies determine energy expenditure, and how do these processes affect organisms in terms of oxidative stress? What mechanisms are used to cope with salinity-induced oxidative stress? This Commentary aims to highlight the main gaps in our knowledge, covering all levels of organization. From an energy-redox perspective, we discuss the link between environmental salinity changes and physiological responses at different levels of biological organization. Future studies should seek to provide a detailed understanding of the relationship between osmoregulatory strategies and redox metabolism, thereby informing conservation physiologists and allowing them to tackle the new challenges imposed by global climate change.

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Stress Effects on Metabolism and Energy Budgets in Mollusks

Cited by 40 publications

References 147 publications

Response to pH stress in the reef-building coral Pocillopora capitata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Response to pH stress in the reef-building coral Pocillopora capitata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters,Crassostrea virginica

Osmoregulation, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in coastal marine invertebrates: raising the questions for future research

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