Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust

Zang, Arno; Stephansson, Ove

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8444-7

Cited by 268 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 424 publications

(673 reference statements)

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“…Ljunggren et al, 2003;Schmitt et al, 2012;Zang and Stephansson, 2010). The following components of the stress tensor are potentially available: the azimuth of the maximum (or minimum) horizontal stress (S Hmax ), the vertical stress magnitude (S V ), as well as the magnitudes of the maximum and minimum horizontal stress (S hmin and S Hmax ).…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More details can be found in Amadei and Stephansson (1997), Jaeger et al (2009), Schmitt et al (2012, Zang and Stephansson (2010) and Zoback (2007). Figure 9.…”

Section: Orientation and Magnitudes Of Stresses In Sedimentary Basinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The orientation of S Hmax is indicated by borehole breakouts, focal mechanisms, hydraulic fracturing, overcoring, and drilling-induced fractured and geological indicators (for an overview, see Bell, 1996a;Ljunggren et al, 2003;Schmitt et al, 2012;Zang and Stephansson, 2010;. 321 S Hmax azimuth data sets are available for the modelled region in Alberta; these are indicated in Fig.…”

Section: Orientation Of Maximum Horizontal Stress (S Hmax )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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3-D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada)

Reiter

Heidbach

2014

Solid Earth

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Abstract. In the context of examining the potential usage of safe and sustainable geothermal energy in the Alberta Basin, whether in deep sediments or crystalline rock, the understanding of the in situ stress state is crucial. It is a key challenge to estimate the 3-D stress state at an arbitrarily chosen point in the crust, based on sparsely distributed in situ stress data.To address this challenge, we present a large-scale 3-D geomechanical-numerical model (700 km×1200 km×80 km) from a large portion of the Alberta Basin, to provide a 3-D continuous quantification of the contemporary stress orientations and stress magnitudes. To calibrate the model, we use a large database of in situ stress orientation (321 S Hmax ) as well as stress magnitude data (981 S V , 1720 S hmin and 2 (+11) S Hmax ) from the Alberta Basin. To find the best-fit model, we vary the material properties and primarily the displacement boundary conditions of the model. This study focusses in detail on the statistical calibration procedure, because of the large amount of available data, the diversity of data types, and the importance of the order of data tests.The best-fit model provides the total 3-D stress tensor for nearly the whole Alberta Basin, and allows estimation of stress orientation and stress magnitudes in advance of any well. First-order implications for the well design and configuration of enhanced geothermal systems are revealed. Systematic deviations of the modelled stress from the in situ data are found for stress orientations in the Peace River and the Bow Island Arch as well as for leak-off test magnitudes.

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More details can be found in Amadei and Stephansson (1997), Jaeger et al (2009), Schmitt et al (2012, Zang and Stephansson (2010) and Zoback (2007). Figure 9.…”

Section: Orientation and Magnitudes Of Stresses In Sedimentary Basinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Orientation Of Maximum Horizontal Stress (S Hmax )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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3-D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada)

Reiter

Heidbach

2014

Solid Earth

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“…Over geological time scales tectonic forces build up stress in the Earth's crust (Zang and Stephansson, 2010). Apart from crustal creep, earthquakes are the primary brittle processes that partially relax stresses in the crust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs – An overview

et al. 2014

Self Cite

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In this overview we report results of analysing induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs in various tectonic settings within the framework of the European Geothermal Engineering Integrating Mitigation of Induced Seismicity in Reservoirs (GEISER) project. In the reconnaissance phase of a field, the subsurface fault mapping, in situ stress and the seismic network are of primary interest in order to help assess the geothermal resource. The hypocentres of the observed seismic events (seismic cloud) are dependent on the design of the installed network, the used velocity model and the applied location technique. During the stimulation phase, the attention is turned to reservoir hydraulics (e.g., fluid pressure, injection volume) and its relation to larger magnitude seismic events, their source characteristics and occurrence in space and time. A change in isotropic components of the full waveform moment tensor is observed for events close to the injection well (tensile character) as compared to events further away from the injection well (shear character). Tensile events coincide with high Gutenberg-Richter -values and low Brune stress drop values. The stress regime in the reservoir controls the direction of the fracture growth at depth, as indicated by the extent of the seismic cloud detected. Stress magnitudes are important in multiple stimulation of wells, where little or no seismicity is observed until the previous maximum stress level is exceeded (Kaiser Effect). Prior to drilling, obtaining a 3D -wave ( ) and -wave velocity ( ) model down to reservoir depth is recommended. In the stimulation phase, we recommend to monitor and to locate seismicity with high precision (decametre) in real-time and to perform local 4D tomography for velocity ratio ( / ). During exploitation, one should use observed and model induced seismicity to forward estimate seismic hazard so that field operators are in a position to adjust well hydraulics (rate and volume of the fluid injected) when induced events start to occur far away from the boundary of the seismic cloud.

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“…1 in order to improve its results. Tectonic stress is described by many investigators as one of the main reasons for the observed differences between calculated and measured horizontal stresses at different depths (Blanton and Olson 1999;Brown and Hoek 1978;Fjaer et al 2008;Zang et al 2012;Zang and Stephansson 2008). Therefore, by adding the tectonic stress term, Eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of minimum and maximum stress profiles using wellbore failure evidences: a case study—a deep oil well in the southwest of Iran

Molaghab

Taherynia

Aghda

et al. 2017

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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The main objective of this paper is estimating the horizontal stresses and calibration of the log-derived horizontal stress profiles in deep oil wells according to their wall failure evidences, including both compressive (breakouts) and tensile failures (drilling-induced tensile fractures). Estimation of the horizontal stress profiles using well logs is one of the standard methods in the oil industry. Another method for estimating horizontal stresses is analyzing failure evidences in the wellbore wall. By integrating these two methods, a practical strategy was followed in this research to determine the horizontal stress profiles. By this strategy, minimum and maximum horizontal stress profiles are determined in such a way that the stress concentration at the wellbore wall at the tensile fracture identified depths, exceeds the formation tensile strength, while at the breakouts identified depths it exceeds the compressive strength of the formation. An advantage of this procedure is that does not require to measure in situ stresses. Also, due to the presence of a large number of breakouts and the induced fractures detected in different zones of a deep wellbore, log-derived stress profile calibration is done using the stress state in different zones that causes to increase the accuracy and reliability of the obtained horizontal stress profile. The proposed solution was applied to determine the horizontal stress profiles in a deep oil well in the southwest of Iran as a real case.

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Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust

Cited by 268 publications

References 424 publications

3-D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada)

3-D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada)

Analysis of induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs – An overview

Determination of minimum and maximum stress profiles using wellbore failure evidences: a case study—a deep oil well in the southwest of Iran

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