Stress: Neurobiology, consequences and management

Abstract

Stress, both physical and psychological, is attracting increasing attention among neuroresearchers. In the last 20 decades, there has been a surge of interest in the research of stress-induced manifestations and this approach has resulted in the development of more appropriate animal models for stress-associated pathologies and its therapeutic management. These stress models are an easy and convenient method for inducing both psychological and physical stress. To understand the behavioral changes underlying major depression, molecular and cellular studies are required. Dysregulation of the stress system may lead to disturbances in growth and development, and may this may further lead to the development of various other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the different types of stress and their neurobiology, including the different neurotransmitters affected. There are various complications associated with stress and their management through various pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. The use of herbs in the treatment of stress-related problems is practiced in both Indian and Western societies, and it has a vast market in terms of anti-stress medications and treatments. Non-pharmacological techniques such as meditation and yoga are nowadays becoming very popular as a stress-relieving therapy because of their greater effectiveness and no associated side effects. Therefore, this review highlights the changes under stress and stressor and their impact on different animal models in understanding the mechanisms of stress along with their effective and safe management.

Involvement of the Nervous System in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental stress such as the fear to be affected, quarantine, the experience of breath difficulty, or all kinds of complains in patients leads to different psychiatric disorders as similar to those in SARS epidemic (Maunder 2009). Under these situations, stressor-dependent corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons in susceptible individuals and further activates the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by binding to the CRH receptors in the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Futch et al 2017;Kumar et al 2013;Sanders and Nemeroff 2016;Soria et al 2018). The increase of serum ACTH promotes the elevation of concentration of glucocorticoids in the blood (Curtin et al 2009;Noisakran et al 1998).…”

Food safety knowledge and training participation are associated with lower stress and anxiety levels of Brazilian food handlers

“…Since anxiety can induce the stress (Maes et al, 1998), the correlation between these scores was also expected. High anxiety levels and high stress can lead to: immunity depression (Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith, 1991); increased days of missed work (Pflanz & Ogle, 2006) and; psychiatric, metabolic and autoimmune diseases (Kumar, Rinwa, Kaur, & Machawal, 2013).…”

10-Week Hatha Yoga Increases Right Hippocampal Density Compared to Active and Passive Control Groups: A Controlled Structural cMRI Study

“…In summary, one can postulate a structural effect of Yoga on brain areas that are related to learning, attention, emotional regulation and stress response [43][44][45][46][47][48]. In particular, stress is an archaic emotional function which is described in neuronal morphological models [49]. The hippocampus is especially known for its stress vulnerability [50].…”