Stress optical behavior in polystyrene; residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Wust, Carl J.; Bogue, D. C.

doi:10.1002/app.1983.070280609

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…4 For whatever the physical reason the theory, as it is presently formulated, forces one to use strain optical coefficients in the near-T, region if one is to obtain satisfactory predictions.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Lee

Vega

Bogue

1986

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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synopsisAs large polymer samples are quenched rapidly, residual stresses (and birefringence) are frozen into the final part due to the different thermal/contraction histories of the surface and center portions. The present work on polystyrene, a continuation of earlier studies, deals with the effects of sample size and initial temperature; these results are treated with the general theory of Lee, Rogers, and Woo. Finally, data for two other amorphous polymers, poly(methy1 methacrylate) and polycarbonate, are presented; in these cases the simpler theory of Aggarwala and Saibel is used. The theories help explain the relative behavior of the three materials and are qualitatively useful. However, the complexity of the rheooptical response precludes doing a completely rigorous treatment.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Lee

Vega

Bogue

1986

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The distribution of internal stresses and their magnitude within the polymer can be investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Experimental characterizations usually make use of optical phenomena, i.e., birefringence and photoelasticity, − which, however, are not able to reveal the molecular-level information on the magnitude of stresses and their local heterogeneities in a real polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer

Janissen

Filonenko

2022

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Mechanophores are powerful molecular tools used to track bond rupture and characterize mechanical damage in polymers. The majority of mechanophores are known to respond to external stresses, and we report in this study the first precedent of a mechanochemical response to internal, residual stresses that accumulate during polymer vitrification. While internal stress is intrinsic to polymers that can form solids, we demonstrate that it can dramatically affect the mechanochemistry of spiropyran probes and alter their intramolecular isomerization barriers by up to 70 kJ mol −1 . This new behavior of spiropyrans (SPs) enables their application for analysis of internal stresses distribution and their mechanochemical characterization on the molecular level. Spectroscopy and imaging based on SP mechanochemistry showed high topological sensitivity and allowed us to discern different levels of internal stress impacting various locations along the polymer chain. The nature of the developed technique allows for wide-field imaging of stress heterogeneities in polymer samples of irregular shapes and dimensions, making it feasible to directly observe molecular-level manifestations of mechanical stresses that accompany the formation of a vast number of solid polymers.

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“…Experimental characterizations usually makes use of optical phenomena, i.e. birefringence, [10] photoelasticity [11] which, however, are not able to reveal the molecular level information on the magnitude of stresses and their local heterogeneities in a real polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer

Janissen

Filonenko

2022

Preprint

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Mechanophores are powerful molecular tools used in polymers to track bond rupture and characterize mechanical damage. The majority of mechanophores are known to respond to external stresses and in this study we report the first precedent of a mechanochemical response to internal, residual stresses that accumulate during polymer vitrification. While internal stress is intrinsic to polymers that can form solids, we demonstrate that it can dramatically affect the mechanochemistry of spyropyran probes and alter their intramolecular isomerization barriers by up to 70 kJ·mol-1. This new behavior of spiropyrans enables their application for analysis of internal stresses and their mechanochemical characterization on the molecular level. Spectroscopy and imaging based on spiropyran mechanochemistry showed high topological sensitivity and allowed to discern different levels of internal stress in various locations along the polymer chain. The nature of the developed technique allows for wide field imaging of stress heterogeneities in polymer samples of irregular shapes and dimensions, making it feasible to directly observe molecular level manifestations of mechanical stresses that accompany the formation of a vast number of solid polymer.

show abstract

Stress optical behavior in polystyrene; residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Residual stresses and birefringences in large, quenched samples

Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer

Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer

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