“…Advancements in health care and technology have allowed patients with CVD to live longer (Wamble et al, 2019); however, the progression of CVD to congestive heart failure (HF) and its correlated treatments have been associated with significant biologic, psychologic, and social consequences for patients, their families, and caregivers (Allan & Fisher, 2012; Dornelas, 2012; Dornelas & Sears, 2018). This trajectory often includes comorbid chronic diseases such as stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and tobacco use (Khan et al, 2020), medication with various side effects such as insomnia (Riemer et al, 2021), the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, implantation of and dependence on a left ventricular assistive device, and heart transplantation.…”