Stress, psychiatric disease, and obesity: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiometabolic risk: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2023

“…Adipocyte hypertrophy associated with obesity can result in (relative) hypoxia, lipotoxicity, maladaptive mechanotransduction, mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress [ 81 , 82 ]. (See Fig.…”

“…The effects of obesity-promoted increased leptin levels are often insufficient to mitigate increased body fat, potentially because individuals with overweight or obesity may be susceptible to “leptin resistance” [ 89 , 90 ]. That said, it is more likely that the failure of physiologic, counter-regulatory mechanisms to prevent excessive body fat gain (e.g., release of leptin from hypertrophied adipocytes) is because other physiologic and environmental promoters of obesity overwhelm leptin's anti-obesity effects [ 82 ].…”

Obesity and hypertension: Obesity medicine association (OMA) clinical practice statement (CPS) 2023

“…As with depression, the relationship between obesity and psychosocial stress is bidirectional. Stress can contribute to obesity; obesity can contribute to stress [ [108] , [109] , [110] ]. Increase in acute mental stress may increase sympathetic nervous response, with the increased release of catecholamines leading to increased heart rate, increased cardiac output, vasoconstriction, and increase in blood pressure [ 111 , 112 ].…”

“…Increase in acute mental stress may increase sympathetic nervous response, with the increased release of catecholamines leading to increased heart rate, increased cardiac output, vasoconstriction, and increase in blood pressure [ 111 , 112 ]. In some patients, chronic stress may also contribute to glucocorticoid excess (i.e., cortisol) [ 110 ] with potential increases in blood pressure [ 108 ] (See Fig. 4 ).…”

Obesity, thrombosis, venous disease, lymphatic disease, and lipedema: An obesity medicine association (OMA) clinical practice statement (CPS) 2023

“…In addition to Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Position Statements [ 1 , 2 ], the OMA has published a series of Clinical Practice Statements, reviews, and round-table discussions regarding obesity-related diagnostic and treatment consideration of cardiometabolic topics such as nutrition [ 3 ], physical activity [ 3 ], pediatrics [ [4] , [5] , [6] ], race/ethnicities [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ], body composition [ 11 , 12 ], behavior modification [ 13 ], anti-obesity medications [ [14] , [15] , [16] ], concomitant medications [ 17 ], diabetes mellitus [ 18 ], hypertension [ 19 ], mental stress [ 20 ], sleep apnea [ 21 ], and bariatric surgery [ 22 ]. This OMA Clinical Practice Statement explores the relationship between obesity and thrombosis, venous disease, lymphatic disease, and lipedema.…”