Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress concept

Koolhaas, Jaap M.; Bartolomucci, Alessandro; Buwalda, Bauke; Boer, Sietse F. de; Flügge, Gabriele; Korte, S. Mechiel; Meerlo, Peter; Murison, Robert; Olivier, Berend; Palanza, Paola; Richter‐Levin, Gal; Sgoifo, Andrea; Steimer, Thierry; Stiedl, Oliver; Dijk, Gertjan van; Wöhr, Markus; Fuchs, Eberhard

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003

Cited by 1,252 publications

(984 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Behavioural changes also occur, with Norwegian rats for whom water is a natural habitat, voluntarily entering water once they become experienced with the test. This example provided by Koolhaas et al (2011) illustrates the progression from non-specific to more specific responses with experience of a stressor. The same phenomenon is seen within the immune system in which innate responses to foreign agents in naïve animals recruit a wide range of non-specific host defence reactions including fever and production of acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas on repeated exposure the response of the adaptive immune system is better focussed on the molecular characteristics of the foreign agent and entrains fewer of the non-specific defence components of the innate immune system (Colditz 2008a).…”

Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Koolhaas et al (2011) suggest that physiological processes are adapted to a range of values for each environmental variable and that the capacity of the physiological response to adapt to environmental fluctuations is greater towards the centre of this range and diminishes at its periphery. Changing environmental conditions can shift the regulatory range.…”

Section: Adaptation To Environmental Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This balance was changed by the work of Mason who showed that in a stress challenge paradigm containing psychological and physical components, the greater part of the physiological response was attributable to the psychological component of the stressor (Mason 1971;Veissier and Miele 2014). For a naïve animal exposed to a novel stressor such as a swim test in rats, responses of the SAM system and HPA axis differ from those seen in experienced rats (Koolhaas et al 2011). Energy mobilisation in experienced rats more closely matches energy needs during the swim test.…”

Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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Abstract.A capacity for the animal to recover quickly from the impact of physical and social stressors and disease challenges is likely to improve evolutionary fitness of wild species and welfare and performance of farm animals. Salience and valence of stimuli sensed through neurosensors, chemosensors and immunosensors are perceived and integrated centrally to generate emotions and engage physiological, behavioural, immune, cognitive and morphological responses that defend against noxious challenges. These responses can be refined through experience to provide anticipatory and learned reactions at lower cost than innate less-specific reactions. Influences of behaviour type, coping style, and affective state and the relationships between immune responsiveness, disease resistance and resilience are reviewed. We define resilience as the capacity of animals to cope with short-term perturbations in their environment and return rapidly to their pre-challenge status. It is manifested in response to episodic, sporadic or situation-specific attributes of the environment and can be optimised via facultative learning by the individual. It is a comparative measure of differences between individuals in the outcomes that follow exposure to potentially adverse situations. In contrast, robustness is the capacity to maintain productivity in a wide range of environments without compromising reproduction, health and wellbeing. Robustness is manifested in response to persistent or cyclical attributes of the environment and is effected via activity of innate regulatory pathways. We suggest that for farm animals, husbandry practices that incorporate physical and social stressors and interactions with humans such as weaning, change of housing, and introduction to the milking parlour can be used to characterise resilience phenotypes. In these settings, resilience is likely to be more readily identified through the rate of return of variables to pre-challenge or normal status rather than through measuring the activity of diverse stress response and adaptation mechanisms. Our strategy for phenotyping resilience of sheep and cattle during weaning is described. Opportunities are examined to increase resilience through genetic selection and through improved management practices that provide emotional and cognitive enrichment and stress inoculation.Additional keywords: affective state, allostasis, animal behaviour, animal temperament, animal welfare, disease resistance, genetic selection, homeostasis, resilience, robustness, stress inoculation.

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Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adaptation To Environmental Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects From Underload and Overload By Environmental Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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“…Nevertheless, in spite of available evidences on the mechanisms regulating aging and stress responses (Koolhaas et al., 2011; McEwen, 2007; Prather et al., 2015) and the profound effect of stress on pathophysiology (Bartolomucci, 2007; McEwen, 2007), this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its causation been explored in animal models thus far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

et al. 2018

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SummaryStress and low socioeconomic status in humans confer increased vulnerability to morbidity and mortality. However, this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its causation been explored in animal models thus far. Recently, cellular senescence has been suggested as a potential mechanism linking lifelong stress to age‐related diseases and shorter life expectancy in humans. Here, we established a causal role for lifelong social stress on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mice. Specifically, we developed a lifelong chronic psychosocial stress model in which male mouse aggressive behavior is used to study the impact of negative social confrontations on healthspan and lifespan. C57BL/6J mice identified through unbiased cluster analysis for receiving high while exhibiting low aggression, or identified as subordinate based on an ethologic criterion, had lower median and maximal lifespan, and developed earlier onset of several organ pathologies in the presence of a cellular senescence signature. Critically, subordinate mice developed spontaneous early‐stage atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic sinuses characterized by significant immune cells infiltration and sporadic rupture and calcification, none of which was found in dominant subjects. In conclusion, we present here the first rodent model to study and mechanistically dissect the impact of chronic stress on lifespan and disease of aging. These data highlight a conserved role for social stress and low social status on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mammals and identify a potential mechanistic link for this complex phenomenon.

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“…The term stress is suggested to be restricted to conditions which are uncontrollable and unpredictable and as a consequence is potentially life threatening and thus has an obvious link to animal welfare (Koolhaas et al 2011). Cortisol is generally referred to as a classical Bstress hormone^ (Morton et al 1995) and has been implemented as the standard stress indicator in animal welfare research (Mormède et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor

Gentsch

Kjellander

Röken³

2018

Eur J Wildl Res

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Animal welfare concerns are becoming a central issue in wildlife management and conservation. Thus, we investigated stress response of wild ungulates to potentially traumatic situations (shooting injuries, vehicle collisions, entanglement, injuries or diseases) and hunting methods (stalking, battues and hunts with dogs) by means of serum cortisol concentrations from blood collected from killed animals. Cortisol levels in roe deer ranged below and in wild boar above levels for moose, red deer and fallow deer (hence, pooled as a group Bdeer^). Apart from species, cortisol concentration in trauma situations was mainly explained by trauma type and presence of disturbance after the trauma event. Effect of trauma type differed significantly for Bdeer^, with animals caught in fences and suffering vehicle collisions experiencing higher cortisol levels than animals injured by shooting. Differences between hunting methods were observed in the cervids (Bdeer^and roe deer), with stalking leading to lower cortisol levels than hunts with dogs (both groups) and battues (roe deer). Events both before and after the shot, such as duration of pursuit prior to shooting, location of injury, trauma length and presence of disturbance after the shot were relevant for cortisol levels in hunted cervids. Our results indicate that search teams tracking and euthanising wounded animals should behave in a calm way to minimise disturbance. Still, it is important to acknowledge that many situations described in the literature, i.e. reindeer handling, roe deer captures and red deer yarding, seem even more stressful, beside vehicle collisions, than most hunting methods.

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Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress concept

Cited by 1,252 publications

References 60 publications

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor

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