Stress, sex, and the enteric nervous system

Million, Mulugeta; Larauche, Muriel

doi:10.1111/nmo.12937

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…81 In addition, stress alters the structure and composition of the enteric nervous system that orchestrates various gastrointestinal functions. 82 Consequently, changes of the enteric nervous system may also be associated with gastrointestinal disorders. 83…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatic health and its association with negative psychosocial factors in a sample of Moroccan adolescents

et al. 2019

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Background: Adolescence is a distinct developmental phase characterized by multiple physical and psychological changes and by an increased vulnerability to somatic and mental health problems. These risk and vulnerability factors are part of a complex biopsychosocial matrix, encompassing multiple factors, such as inherited biological determinants and psychological, societal, and cultural influences, which affect an adolescent’s overall wellbeing. In Morocco, similar to other developing countries, adolescents (young people aged from 15 to 19 years) constitute a substantial proportion of the population (almost 9%). However, studies about adolescents’ health in developing countries are scarce. In this study, we describe adolescents’ somatic health in a sample of high school students from the city of Tetouan, Morocco, and investigate how negative psychosocial factors, such as parental alcohol use problems and/or the experience of abuse, may influence them. Methods: The study sample included 655 adolescents (315 boys and 340 girls, M = 16.64 years, range = 15–18 years) from conviniently selected classes of four high schools in the city of Tetouan in Morocco. The students responded to a survey that assessed the prevalence of somatic complaints/disorders. They also indicated whether they had ever experienced physical and/or psychological abuse and whether they had parents with alcohol use problems. Results: More than half of the adolescents suffered from headaches and one-third had substantial problems with diarrhea or constipation. Both problems were more common in female students. The third most frequent somatic problem, affecting one in four in both genders, was allergy. Almost one-third of Moroccan adolescents (significantly more boys than girls; p = 0.004) reported no somatic complaints. In adolescents who reported parental alcohol use problems and/or experience of physical and/or psychological abuse, the prevalence of several somatic complaints (epilepsy, migraine, headache, diarrhea/constipation, gluten intolerance, allergy, and skin or thyroid disease) increased highly significantly compared to the adolescents who reported no such psychosocial environmental factors. Conclusion: The results suggest that only 3 in 10 urban-living Moroccan adolescents are free of somatic complaints, while the majority suffer from some somatic problems, most often headaches and diarrhea/constipation. The association of certain negative psychosocial factors with adolescents’ somatic health suggests the need of a holistic approach to the treatment of affected adolescents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Somatic health and its association with negative psychosocial factors in a sample of Moroccan adolescents

et al. 2019

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“…More generally, LBN adult rats also display significant changes in functional activation of numerous regions within the pain pathway activated by colorectal distention (Holschneider, et al, 2016). Whether the increase in intestinal permeability, microbiota and/or HPA axis induced by LBN contribute to the altered viscerosensitivity in adulthood and sex difference still needs to be investigated (Million & Larauche, 2016). …”

Section: Metabolic Aspects Of the Lbn Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic early life stress induced by limited bedding and nesting (LBN) material in rodents: critical considerations of methodology, outcomes and translational potential

Walker

Bath

Joëls

et al. 2017

Stress

310

322

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The immediate and long term effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS) have been documented in humans and animal models. Even relatively brief periods of stress during the first 10 days of life in rodents can impact later behavioral regulation and the vulnerability to develop adult pathologies, in particular an impairment of cognitive functions and neurogenesis, but also modified social, emotional and conditioned fear responses. The development of preclinical models of ELS exposure allows the examination of mechanisms and testing of therapeutic approaches that are not possible in humans. Here we describe limited bedding and nesting (LBN) procedures, with models that produce altered maternal behavior ranging from fragmentation of care to maltreatment of infants. The purpose of this paper is to discuss important issues related to the implementation of this chronic ELS procedure and to describe some of the most prominent endpoints and consequences, focusing on areas of convergence between laboratories. Effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, gut axis and metabolism are presented in addition to changes in cognitive and emotional functions. Interestingly, recent data have suggested a strong sex difference in some of the reported consequences of the LBN paradigm, with females being more resilient in general than males. As both the chronic and intermittent variants of the LBN procedure have profound consequences on the offspring with minimal external intervention from the investigator, this model is advantageous ecologically and has a large translational potential. In addition to the direct effect of ELS on neurodevelopmental outcomes, exposure to adverse early environments can also have intergenerational impacts on mental health and function in subsequent generation offspring. Thus, advancing our understanding of the effect of ELS on brain and behavioral development is of critical concern for the health and wellbeing of both the current population, and for generations to come.

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“…In contrast, the levels of the neuronal marker PGP 9·5 (anti-protein gene product 9·5) in the colon are increased in adult MS animals but not in juveniles. Interestingly, early-life adversity has been shown to affect enteric nervous system development in a sex-dependent manner, with females being more sensitive than males (255) . MS also produces increased intestinal motility in response to stress, as evidenced by reduced total transit time and increased number of faecal pellets (81,256–260) .…”

Section: The Maternal Separation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal separation in rodents: a journey from gut to brain and nutritional perspectives

Rincel

Darnaudéry

2019

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The developmental period constitutes a critical window of sensitivity to stress. Indeed, early-life adversity increases the risk to develop psychiatric diseases, but also gastrointestinal disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome at adulthood. In the past decade, there has been huge interest in the gut–brain axis, especially as regards stress-related emotional behaviours. Animal models of early-life adversity, in particular, maternal separation (MS) in rodents, demonstrate lasting deleterious effects on both the gut and the brain. Here, we review the effects of MS on both systems with a focus on stress-related behaviours. In addition, we discuss more recent findings showing the impact of gut-directed interventions, including nutrition with pre- and probiotics, illustrating the role played by gut microbiota in mediating the long-term effects of MS. Overall, preclinical studies suggest that nutritional approaches with pro- and prebiotics may constitute safe and efficient strategies to attenuate the effects of early-life stress on the gut–brain axis. Further research is required to understand the complex mechanisms underlying gut–brain interaction dysfunctions after early-life stress as well as to determine the beneficial impact of gut-directed strategies in a context of early-life adversity in human subjects.

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Stress, sex, and the enteric nervous system

Cited by 24 publications

References 62 publications

Somatic health and its association with negative psychosocial factors in a sample of Moroccan adolescents

Somatic health and its association with negative psychosocial factors in a sample of Moroccan adolescents

Chronic early life stress induced by limited bedding and nesting (LBN) material in rodents: critical considerations of methodology, outcomes and translational potential

Maternal separation in rodents: a journey from gut to brain and nutritional perspectives

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