“…However, a huge amount of PG is stockpiled due to its limited application. Discarded PG requires great land areas for storing which leads to great ecological hazards and of water, soil, and air pollutions (Zhou et al, 2022). Therefore, researchers have tried to expand PG application in different fields such as soil amendment (Wang, 2020b), goaf backfill (Yin et al, 2020), road base (Amrani et al, 2020), building materials (Degirmenci, 2008; Yang et al, 2009), etc.…”