Stress was never said to be pain: response to Stevens
            <i>et al.</i>
            (2016)

Elwood, Robert W.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0126

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Stevens et al [37, p. 1] wrote of Elwood & Adams [25] in the following terms 'We contend that their conclusion that crabs experience pain (as summarized in the title and abstract) is unfounded'. However, Elwood & Adams [25] made no such statements, and instead affirmed the impossibility of proving pain in any animal [38]. Further, Diggles [39] argues that studies on potential pain in crustaceans are of low quality and should not be used as evidence to change the way that crustaceans are used in science or fisheries/aquaculture industries.…”

Section: What Does This Tell Us About 'Pain'?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans

Elwood

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Animals have quick-acting nociceptive reflexes that protect them from tissue damage. Some taxa have also evolved the capacity for pain. Pain appears to be linked to long-term changes in motivation brought about by the aversive nature of the experience. Pain presumably enhances long-term protection through behaviour modification based, in part, on memory. However, crustaceans have long been viewed as responding purely by reflex and thus not experiencing pain. This paper considers behavioural and physiological criteria that distinguish nociception from potential pain in this taxon. These include trade-offs with other motivational systems and prolonged motivational change. Complex, prolonged grooming or rubbing demonstrate the perception of the specific site of stimulus application. Recent evidence of fitness-enhancing, anxiety-like states is also consistent with the idea of pain. Physiological changes in response to noxious stimuli mediate some of the behavioural change. Rapid avoidance learning and prolonged memory indicate central processing rather than mere reflexes. Thus, available data go beyond the idea of just nociception. However, the impossibility of total proof of pain described in ways appropriate for our own species means that pain in crustaceans is still disputed. Pain in animals should be defined in ways that do not depend on human pain experience. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.

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Section: What Does This Tell Us About 'Pain'?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans

Elwood

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…For example, they are confused about the requirement for conscious processing, first demanding that it must be demonstrated, and then a few lines later accepting that it is not possible to demonstrate consciousness [ 117 ]. They maintain that the current evidence for pain should not be used to change the way that crustaceans are used in science or fisheries/aquaculture industries [ 119 ]. These contentions have been rebutted in detail [ 53 , 119 ].…”

Section: Ethical Issues and Recent Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They maintain that the current evidence for pain should not be used to change the way that crustaceans are used in science or fisheries/aquaculture industries [ 119 ]. These contentions have been rebutted in detail [ 53 , 119 ].…”

Section: Ethical Issues and Recent Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Protect Decapod Crustaceans Used as Models in Biomedical Research and in Ecotoxicology? Ethical and Legislative Considerations

Passantino

Elwood

Coluccio

2021

Animals

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Decapod crustaceans are widely used as experimental models, due to their biology, their sensitivity to pollutants and/or their convenience of collection and use. Decapods have been viewed as being non-sentient, and are not covered by current legislation from the European Parliament. However, recent studies suggest it is likely that they experience pain and may have the capacity to suffer. Accordingly, there is ethical concern regarding their continued use in research in the absence of protective measures. We argue that their welfare should be taken into account and included in ethical review processes that include the assessment of welfare and the minimization or alleviation of potential pain. We review the current use of these animals in research and the recent experiments that suggest sentience in this group. We also review recent changes in the views of scientists, veterinary scientists and animal charity groups, and their conclusion that these animals are likely to be sentient, and that changes in legislation are needed to protect them. A precautionary approach should be adopted to safeguard these animals from possible pain and suffering. Finally, we recommend that decapods be included in the European legislation concerning the welfare of animals used in experimentation.

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Why Invertebrate Welfare?

Carere

Mather

2019

Animal Welfare

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Stress was never said to be pain: response to Stevens et al. (2016)

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans

Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans

Why Protect Decapod Crustaceans Used as Models in Biomedical Research and in Ecotoxicology? Ethical and Legislative Considerations

Why Invertebrate Welfare?

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