Stretchable poly(glycerol‐sebacate)/β‐tricalcium phosphate composites with shape recovery feature by extrusion

Abstract

There has been a great interest in research towards elastomers and their composites with an attempt to obtain the desired biological and mechanical response to scaffold materials in bone tissue engineering. Composites made of ceramic‐thermoplastic mixtures have been shown success to deliver the inorganic component while fail to provide replacement of an elastic protein, that is, collagen, of the target bone tissue. Thus, in order to match up with the inherent elasticity of the native tissue, it is proposed an alternative to well‐known thermoplastic‐containing matrices by using a poly(glycerol‐sebacate) (PGS)–beta‐tricalcium phosphate elastomeric composite to offer flexibility and mechanical integrity. This study reports for the first time a successful extrusion of PGS containing biodegradable composites with shape‐memory feature. The resulting structures are physically and chemically characterized. In vitro cell culture performance of the obtained materials is investigated by using an MC3T3‐E1 mouse preosteoblast cell line. The materials obtained in this study can be shaped into the desired size and various forms via temperature stimuli. Resulting materials have been proposed for craniofacial tissue engineering as a bone filler in which surgeons need to shape biomaterials during the surgical procedure due to the complex geometry of the bones. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48689.

Surface channel patterned and endothelialized poly(glycerol sebacate) based elastomers

“…14 Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is one of the synthetic polymers recognized for its elastomeric nature and surface degradation since its discovery in 2002 and has been involved in a number of applications in tissue engineering from soft to hard tissue repair. [15][16][17] PGS elastomers can be conveniently synthesized without the need for any chemical reagent based on sebacic acid and glycerol monomers. On the other hand, being easily processed by normal biochemical processes inside the body, having non-toxic degradation products, and having shapeability properties render these elastomers highly fascinating.…”

Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) in Biomedical Applications—A Review of the Recent Literature

“…Biological properties were enhanced, and osteoblast morphologies were more pronounced in comparison to the control when a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 or BMP‐2 and transforming growth factor‐ β 1 were applied on the constructs. The same group [ 210 ] later showed that this elastomeric composite of PGS/ β ‐TCP particles could also be fabricated by extrusion. The process did not negatively influence the mechanical flexibility as well as cytocompatibility of the final scaffolds, which showed shape‐memory features and could be shaped into the desired size and various forms via temperature stimuli.…”

Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review

“…Recently, Tevlek et al (2020) reported equimolar PGS with good elasticity (212.75 ± 37.25% elongation) and 0.09 ± 0.03 MPa (Young’s modulus) produced from microwave prepolymerization (4 min, with 10 s intervals every 1 min), followed by curing in a vacuum oven (150°C, 12 h).…”

“…Their memory shape properties have also been studied (Cai and Liu, 2007;Wu T et al, 2014;Rosenbalm et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2016;Coativy et al, 2017;Tevlek et al, 2020;Xuan et al, 2020).…”

“…PGS-based materials have been investigated as drug delivery systems ( Sun et al, 2009 ; Sun et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2017 ; Ayati Najafabadi et al, 2018 ; Desai et al, 2018 ; Oklu et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2018 ; Rezk et al, 2020 ; Zanjanizadeh Ezazi et al, 2020 ; Sivanesan et al, 2021 ; Torabi et al, 2021 ; Heydari et al, 2022 ; Mehta et al, 2022 ), adhesives ( Mahdavi et al, 2008 ; Tevlek et al, 2017 ; Azerêdo et al, 2022 ), sealants ( Chen et al, 2011 ), coatings ( Kim et al, 2014 ; Lin et al, 2015 ; Jiang et al, 2020 ; Zbinden et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Martín-Cabezuelo et al, 2021b ; Ghafarzadeh et al, 2021 ), biosorbents ( Rostamian et al, 2022 ), membranes for solvents/water pervaporation ( Chang et al, 2021 ), and components for electronic applications ( Chen S et al, 2018 ; Sencadas et al, 2020a ; Kazemzadeh Farizhandi et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Hanif et al, 2021 ). Their memory shape properties have also been studied ( Cai and Liu, 2007 ; Wu T et al, 2014 ; Rosenbalm et al, 2016 ; Wu et al, 2016 ; Coativy et al, 2017 ; Tevlek et al, 2020 ; Xuan et al, 2020 ). Several reviews have also compiled the research, developments, and applications of PGS and PGS-based materials ( Rai et al, 2012 ; Loh et al, 2015 ; Halil Murat, 2017 ; Valerio et al, 2018 ; Piszko et al, 2021b ; Sha et al, 2021 ; Vogt et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Zulkifli et al, 2022 ).…”