STRIPAK Limits Stem Cell Differentiation of a WNT Signaling Center to Control Planarian Axis Scaling

Schad, Erik G.; Petersen, Christian P.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.068

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Wnt expression has been previously characterized within muscle tissue in acoels and planarians (Witchley et al, 2013;Raz et al, 2017;Scimone et al, 2017). In planarians, whereas the expression of Wnt ligands required for posterior identity (wnt-1 and wntP-2) is highly enriched in muscle tissue (Witchley et al, 2013), signaling centers are established in both anterior-and posterior-facing wounds in a stem-cell-dependent manner, suggesting a role for stem cells in controlling polarity of regenerating tissues in planarians (Vá squez-Doorman and Petersen, 2014;Lander and Petersen, 2016;Schad and Petersen, 2020). In cnidarians, Wnt ligands are expressed within both endodermal and ectodermal epithelial cells and Wnt3 protein is activated and secreted by interstitial stem cells upon amputation (Chera et al, 2009;Lengfeld et al, 2009;Nakamura et al, 2011;Petersen et al, 2015;Siebert et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Regulatory Program for Initiation of Wnt Signaling during Posterior Regeneration

2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Regulatory Program for Initiation of Wnt Signaling during Posterior Regeneration

2020

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“…By 48-72h post-amputation, the anterior pole forms at the pre-existing midline where it acts as a signaling center to influence ML and AP pattern in the blastema [23,24,26,57,58]. This time of regeneration is subsequent to the generic wound-response phase when notum is activated at anterior-facing wounds in pre-existing muscle cells.…”

Section: Anterior Axis Splitting In Activin-2 Rnai Animals Is Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

activin-2 is required for regeneration of polarity on the planarian anterior-posterior axis

et al. 2021

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Planarians are flatworms and can perform whole-body regeneration. This ability involves a mechanism to distinguish between anterior-facing wounds that require head regeneration and posterior-facing wounds that require tail regeneration. How this head-tail regeneration polarity decision is made is studied to identify principles underlying tissue-identity specification in regeneration. We report that inhibition of activin-2, which encodes an Activin-like signaling ligand, resulted in the regeneration of ectopic posterior-facing heads following amputation. During tissue turnover in uninjured planarians, positional information is constitutively expressed in muscle to maintain proper patterning. Positional information includes Wnts expressed in the posterior and Wnt antagonists expressed in the anterior. Upon amputation, several wound-induced genes promote re-establishment of positional information. The head-versus-tail regeneration decision involves preferential wound induction of the Wnt antagonist notum at anterior-facing over posterior-facing wounds. Asymmetric activation of notum represents the earliest known molecular distinction between head and tail regeneration, yet how it occurs is unknown. activin-2 RNAi animals displayed symmetric wound-induced activation of notum at anterior- and posterior-facing wounds, providing a molecular explanation for their ectopic posterior-head phenotype. activin-2 RNAi animals also displayed anterior-posterior (AP) axis splitting, with two heads appearing in anterior blastemas, and various combinations of heads and tails appearing in posterior blastemas. This was associated with ectopic nucleation of anterior poles, which are head-tip muscle cells that facilitate AP and medial-lateral (ML) pattern, at posterior-facing wounds. These findings reveal a role for Activin signaling in determining the outcome of AP-axis-patterning events that are specific to regeneration.

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“…These observations point to the existence of mechanisms coordinating stem cell division, cell death, and organismal growth. Although recent studies have revealed some of the genetic pathways that control these processes (Oviedo et al, 2008a;Bender et al, 2012;Miller & Newmark, 2012;Peiris et al, 2012;Tu et al, 2012;Almuedo-Castillo et al, 2014;Lin & Pearson, 2014;Lin & Pearson, 2017;de Sousa et al, 2018;Arnold et al, 2019;Pascual-Carreras et al, 2020;Schad & Petersen, 2020;Ziman et al, 2020), it is not yet clear how cell number is "counted" or attuned to metabolic cues to effect rapid transitions between growth and degrowth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defined diets for freshwater planarians

Abel

Powers

Gurung

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Planarian flatworms are popular invertebrate models for basic research on stem cell biology and regeneration. These animals are commonly maintained on a diet of homogenized calf liver or boiled egg yolk in the laboratory, introducing a source of uncontrolled experimental variability. Here, we report the development of defined diets, prepared entirely from standardized, commercially sourced ingredients, for the freshwater species Schmidtea mediterranea, Dugesia japonica, and Girardia dorotocephala. These food sources provide an opportunity to test the effects of specific nutritional variables on biological phenomena of interest. Defined diet consumption was not sufficient for growth and only partially induced the increase in stem cell division that normally accompanies feeding, suggesting these responses are not solely determined by caloric intake. While our defined diet formulations do not support long-term planarian maintenance, they do enable delivery of double-stranded RNA for gene knockdown in a manner that provides unique advantages in some experimental contexts. We also present a new approach for preserving tissue integrity during hydrogen peroxide bleaching of liver-fed animals. These tools will empower research on the connections between diet, metabolism, and stem cell biology in the experimentally tractable planarian system.

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STRIPAK Limits Stem Cell Differentiation of a WNT Signaling Center to Control Planarian Axis Scaling

Cited by 24 publications

References 49 publications

A Regulatory Program for Initiation of Wnt Signaling during Posterior Regeneration

A Regulatory Program for Initiation of Wnt Signaling during Posterior Regeneration

activin-2 is required for regeneration of polarity on the planarian anterior-posterior axis

Defined diets for freshwater planarians

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