Stripe domains in electrodeposited Ni90Fe10 thin films

Tuning the out-of-plane magnetic textures of electrodeposited Ni90Fe10 thin films

“…These represent completely new growth conditions in comparison to our previous work. 17 Our experimental findings reveal that the higher the perpendicular magnetic field applied during growth, the lower the critical thickness for the formation of stripe domains. Due to the gradual evolution, the observed features in hysteresis loops can vary depending on growth conditions and thickness; transcritical shape may be observed in hysteresis loops, while magnetic ripple appears in MFM images.…”

“…This conclusion is supported by the calculation of K OOP (refer to Table I), which was quantitatively inferred from both IP and OOP hysteresis loops, following the same procedure as outlined in prior studies. 17,25 Specifically, for the 300 nm thickness, K OOP is 17 kerg/cm 3 for the layer deposited under H res , while it increases to 27 kerg/cm 3 for the layer deposited under H per (as shown in Table I). Notably, it is not feasible to calculate K OOP when no magnetic field is applied during growth.…”

“…Ni-Fe alloys have been extensively studied due to their low coercivity and large saturation magnetization (M sat ). 16 Ni 90 Fe 10 is particularly interesting because of its magnetoelastic properties, [17][18][19] exhibiting a magnetostriction constant (λ) of approximately −20 ppm. Evaporated Ni 90 Fe 10 thin layers deposited on Cu can show a significant OOP magnetic anisotropy contribution due to mechanical strain.…”

“…However, this phenomenon occurs for thicknesses considerably larger (800 nm) than the theoretically inferred t cr (105 nm) based on expression (1), and only when the electrolyte is not magnetically stirred during growth. 17 Typically, in-plane (IP) hysteresis loops exhibit the characteristic shape denoted as "transcritical" when stripe domains are present. 5,20 However, our observations show that electrodeposited Ni 90 Fe 10 layers display the transcritical shape for smaller thicknesses, where stripe domains are visible in magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images.…”

“…5,20 However, our observations show that electrodeposited Ni 90 Fe 10 layers display the transcritical shape for smaller thicknesses, where stripe domains are visible in magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images. 17 One of the aims of this study is to gain deeper insights into this thickness range where mixed features are observed in the experimental measurements. Such insights can provide valuable hints about the process of stripe domain formation.…”