Stromatolites: a guideline for development of a carbonate ramp, Basantpur Formation, Neoproterozoic Simla Group in Lesser Himalaya, India

Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop; Banerjee, Tithi

doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2546-z

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is broadly categorized into: Basantpur Formation, Kunihar Formation, Chhaosa Formation and Sanjauli Formation (Geological Survey of India 1976). Sedimentation of the Shimla group of rocks started with the lowermost Basantpur Formation, which represents a carbonate ramp (Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee 2016), over which the Kunihar Formation was laid down in a tidally influenced shallow marine environment (Mukhopadhyay and Thorie 2016;Thorie et al 2018;Thorie et al 2020). Chhaosa Formation has direct conformable contact with both Basantpur and Kunihar Formation.…”

Section: Geological Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interpreted palaeoenvironments vary from fluvial-dominated, tide and wave-influenced delta plain (FA1), to tide-dominated, fluvial and wave-influenced delta front (FA2) to tidedominated, wave-and fluvial-influenced prodelta (FA3). The inferred delta system comprises basinward-prograding wedges, exhibiting a downlap relationship onto a mixed siliciclastic carbonate platform which itself is seen as a transgressive systems tract (TST) (Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee 2016;Mukhopadhyay and Thorie 2016;Thorie et al 2018;Thorie et al 2020). The calcareous marl and dark grey silty shale overlying the mixed siliciclastic carbonate platform indicates termination of transgression and thereby inferred as maximum flooding surface (MFS).…”

Section: Sequence Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facies associations are composed of basinward progradational wedges, downlapping over the underlying maximum flooding surface (MFS) deposits (indicated by dark grey silty shale and dolomudstone) recorded in Basantpur Formation (Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee 2016) prominently exposed in the lower part of the prodelta deposits (Fig. 16).…”

Section: Highstand Systems Tractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process variations of a Neoproterozoic delta system in response to the influence of mixed-energy systems and sea-level fluctuation: an insight from Simla Group, Lesser Himalaya, India

et al. 2021

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Deltas generally exhibit morphological and architectural variations due to repercussions of fluvial, wave and tidal currents. The Neoproterozoic Chhaosa Formation, Simla Group, Lesser Himalaya, a shallow-marine, mixed-energy deltaic system represents a unique example of variability of those processes at different scales. Outcrop-based facies analysis was combined with application of sequence stratigraphy in the present study to elucidate signatures of fluvial, tide and wave currents. The proximal part of the delta plain deposits (FA1) displaying fluvial attributes like sand sheets, large and small scale trough crossbeddings, channels, are combined with tidal activity. Delta front (FA2) deposits and prodelta deposits (FA3) essentially record mixed tidal and wave activity like mud drapes, flasers, lenticular, wavy beddings, syneresis cracks, tidal rhythmites, low angle cross-stratification oscillation ripples, hummocky and swaley cross-stratifications. Coastal process classification ternary plots are prepared to identify the interplay of different processes and their control in the deposition of Chhaosa delta system. The Chhaosa Formation has developed during elevated pulse rates of progradation and retrogradation, overlapped with elongated phases of progradation. A comparison between the Chhaosa delta and modern as well as ancient delta system has been made to understand the control of mixed-energy processes on sedimentation patterns throughout the global history.

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