Strong Cation Exchange with Innocence: Synthesis and Characterization of Borate Containing Resins and Macroporous Monoliths

Abstract

Strong cation-exchange resins featured by a low loading of noncoordinating BF 3 − or B(C 6 H 5 ) 3 − anions in styrene−divinylbenzene matrices at various cross-linking degrees were synthesized via free-radical bulk copolymerization with the appropriate borate monomers. The polymerization mixture was tailored to obtain swellable materials for use as insoluble carriers of single-site heterogeneous catalysts. The parent macroporous monolith was also prepared for direct use in continuous flow applications showing excellent hydrodynamic properties and high chemical and mechanical stability. All resins were carefully characterized in the solid state, and their ability to immobilize molecular metal complexes was demonstrated.

Metal nanoparticles immobilized on ion-exchange resins: A versatile and effective catalyst platform for sustainable chemistry

“…Using the same strategy, palladium immobilization was also reported on an unconventional polymeric borate macroporous monolith (Monobor [79]) in which cation exchange tetraphenyl borate anions are incorporated into a highly cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene matrix [80]. Thus, PdNP were grown in one-pot by flowing a THF solution of Pd(NO3)2 through a mon-Fig.…”

Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes

“…5) [133]. The monolithic support was specifically designed to allow for the immobilization of Pd particles at non-coordinating borate sites within a rigid, highly-cross linked solid matrix (Fig.…”

“…In a different approach, PdNP were immobilized onto an open-cell macroporous (10 μm pore size), polymeric borate monolith, that was grown in situ within the walls of a commercial, tubular glass reactor (MonoBor, reactor volume 176 μL, Fig. 5 ) [ 133 ]. The monolithic support was specifically designed to allow for the immobilization of Pd particles at non-coordinating borate sites within a rigid, highly-cross linked solid matrix ( Fig.…”

Nanocatalysis in Flow

“…The recently developed macroporousp olymeric monolith, called MonoBor, is constituted of cation-exchange tetraphenylborate anions incorporatedi nahighly cross-linked 7-divinylbenzene matrix. [67] The advantageous feature of this materiali s its reproducible isotropic microstructure, which possesses flowthrough pores of 10 mmi ns ize, which guarantee very low flow resistance and high mechanical stability. Palladiuma nd rhodium NPs were immobilizedo nto the monolithic material (Pd@MonoBor and Rh@MonoBor,r espectively) and used in the catalytic partial hydrogenation of alkynes under continuous flow.…”