“…Although Ir and Pt are effective OER and HER catalysts, their high cost and lack of bifunctional activity limit their widespread use. 6,7 In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the design and synthesis of low-cost nonnoble metal electrocatalysts, such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, phosphides, nitrides, and borides. [8][9][10] These transition metal oxides can improve HER performance by promoting water dissociation and enhancing H atom adsorption, thanks to their unique charged properties.…”