Selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol is vital
for mitigating the massive CO2 emission by utilizing the
captured CO2 for chemical and fuel productions. Here, the
key intermediates and mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to
methanol over the Zn/ZrO2 solid solution catalyst are thoroughly
investigated by density functional theory calculations. Our calculations
show that CO2 is highly activated when strongly adsorbed
on the surface in a carbonate-like configuration, which may be the
reason for the high CO2 conversion rate in methanol synthesis.
In addition, CO formation from the dissociation of CO2 or
COOH* is suppressed because of the stability of carbonate or the high
energy barrier of COOH* formation, respectively. When compared with
the traditional bi-HCOO route, where breaking the C–O bond
is predicted to be the rate-determining step (RDS) with a modest energy
barrier of 1.11 eV, a novel route is found to be kinetically much
more favorable with a much lower energy barrier of 0.76 eV for the
RDS of bi-H2CO* → mono-H2CO*. This alternative
route starts from a newly found HCO3
* species in a tetrahedral configuration with
the central C atom surrounded by an H atom and three O atoms, denoted
as tri-HCOO*. It can be stepwise hydrogenated to methanol through
the bi-HCO*, bi-H2CO*, mono-H2CO*, and H3CO* intermediates. These theoretical predictions suggest the
high activity of the carbonate species in methanol synthesis over
the Zn/ZrO2 solid solution catalyst, different from that
on the pure metal oxide surfaces.