Strong increase in hydroxy fatty acids derived from linoleic acid in human low density lipoproteins of atherosclerotic patients

Atherogenic Lipids Induce Adhesion of Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophages by Up-regulating Chemokine CX3CL1 on Smooth Muscle Cells in a TNFα-NFκB-dependent Manner

“…SMC are the major non-leukocyte cell type detected in plaques at all stages of atherosclerosis (41,42), yet how these cells contribute to atherogenesis remains unclear. In this regard we show that oxLDL and oxidized linoleic acidcontaining lipids 9-HODE and 13-HODE, which are present at high concentrations in human atherosclerotic plaque (21)(22)(23), specifically and rapidly up-regulated CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 on CASMCs, augmenting CX3CL1-dependent macrophage-CASMC adhesion. Interestingly, oxLDL and oxidized linoleic acid lipids did not directly induce CX3CL1 but activated a TNF␣-NF-B-dependent autocrine loop.…”

“…Expression of CX3CL1 was increased by 7-15% by unmodified LDL or two bioactive arachidonic acid-containing phospholipid components of LDL, POV-PC and PGPC, which are found in atherosclerotic plaque (25), but this did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, oxLDL and either 9-HODE or 13-HODE, two oxidized linoleic acid-derived components of oxLDL found free at high concentrations in plaque (21)(22)(23), all increased the frequency of CX3CL1 ϩ and CX3CR1 ϩ cells (Figs. 1, A and B).…”

“…In atherosclerosis, both cell types are exposed to atherogenic lipids (3) that could affect gene expression and function. In this regard we have shown that oxLDL and its bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites deposited in human plaque, 9-HODE (9-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid ester) and 13-HODE (13-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid ester) (21)(22)(23), specifically induce differentiation of human CX3CR1 low monocytes to CX3CR1 high macrophages that strongly adhere to CASMCs under static conditions in a CX3CR1-dependent manner (24).…”

Increased methionine sulfoxide content of apoA-I in type 1 diabetes

“…Jira et al (44,45), in fact, have reported increases in HODEs in LDL in diseases associated with increased oxidative stress, such as rheumatoid arthritis (44) and atherosclerosis (45). In obese type 2 diabetic patients, plasma 9-and 13-HODE levels are decreased by troglitazone therapy (46), but no information is available regarding plasma or lipoprotein-related HODE concentrations in T1DM.…”

Heparin, lipoproteins, and oxygenated fatty acids in blood: A cautionary note

“…Presumably, diet and age would impact on the loading of lipoproteins with oxylipids, as indicated by the work of Spiteller [2][3][4]. Body habitus probably plays a role, too.…”