“…For the foreseeable future, carbon-based fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum, and biomass, will continue to be a significant part of our energy infrastructure, and interfacially engineered heterogeneous catalytic materials relying on transition metal (TM) species will continue to play a critical role in meeting our daily energy needs. [1][2][3][4] It has been demonstrated that once supported or confined, TMs, their oxide, carbide and nitrides particles exhibit promising performance with high activity and selectivity in selective conversion of methane, [5][6][7][8] low-temperature CO conversion, 9,10 selective hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, [11][12][13][14] bio-oil conversion and upgrading, [15][16][17][18] and water-gas shift reaction 19,20 . Existing literature on heterogeneous catalytic materials primarily emphasize their outstanding performance and complexity in kinetics and reaction mechanisms.…”