In this study, the use of polymers and bioactive ceramics together in biomaterials designed for bone tissue engineering applications was discussed to successfully imitate bone tissue structure. In this context, as technologies such as three-dimensional printing develop, considering the advances in the ability to control bone microarchitecture, the effect of these technologies on the production of bone tissue scaffolds has been examined. Figure A. Flowchart of the early key steps in the design of scaffolds.Purpose: In this study, bone tissue scaffolds structures and their production with 3D printers are examined. Production techniques with 3D printers were examined and the effects of biomaterials on the designs of bone tissue scaffolds were discussed.Theory and Methods: Design effect of bone tissue scaffolds produced with 3D printer is explained step by step. Firstly, bioactive ceramics, which are widely used as bone tissue scaffolds, were mentioned, and then 3D printer technology was described as a production technique. After the requirements for biologically designing a scaffold were laid out, the comparison table of various 3D printer techniques used to print scaffolding in tissue engineering was examined along with advantages and disadvantages.Results: Many production techniques have been used in the design of tissue scaffolds. However, most of these scaffolds have significant disadvantages with their geometric constraints and / or material properties of the final textured material. In this context, biological justifications are added to the design parameters. Considering the chemical structures of bioactive ceramics and the resulting product and production technology allowed by this material category, experimental methods can be constructed in the design of different tissue scaffolds because of these constraints.
Conclusion:Bone is a natural composite structure, and materials to be used as tissue scaffolds should also have biocompatible and mechanically similar properties to bone tissue. New bone formation has been achieved with the production of composite biomaterials containing natural and synthetic polymers and bioceramics.Different methods have been used in the production of bone scaffold according to printing principles and material types, but with the development of technologies such as three-dimensional printing, the opportunity to control bone microarchitecture has emerged. 3D printers open up new possibilities for bone scaffold design, the design process and the test phases.
Highlights• Bioceramics Production. • 3D printer Technology.• Bone Tissue Design.