“…Word mediation has also been employed to explain why categorizing sequences of L2-L1 translation trials did not interfere with performance (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). However, a stronger manipulation involving presentation of semantically related distractors did elicit semantic interference (Miller & Kroll, 2002), and simultaneous presentation of congruent pictures facilitated translation (La Heij et al, 1996); both results support concept mediation. In accord with this interpretation, word characteristics such as concreteness are correlated with translation performance in both directions (de Groot et al, 1994), even in beginning L2 learners (de Groot & Keijzer, 2000).…”