Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: Information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning?

Macniven, Jamie A. B.; Davis, C.S.; Ho, M.-Y.; Bradshaw, C. M.; Szabadi, E.; Constantinescu, Cris S.

doi:10.1017/s1355617708080946

Cited by 69 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…The Stroop task was chosen because previous studies had identified that people with MS exhibit delayed Stroop responses compared to subjects without MS, even in mild stages of the disease [28][29][30][31][32]. These other studies, however, generally employed a more complex visual color-word paradigm with more than two response choices, whereas our study employed a twochoice auditory Stroop paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dual tasking on the postural performance of people with and without multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Jacobs

Kasser

2011

J Neurol

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People with multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibit both cognitive and postural impairments. This study examined the effects of MS and of dual tasking on postural performance, and explored associations among dual-task postural performance, cognitive capacity, fear of falling, and fatigue. Thirteen subjects with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale: 0-4.5) and 13 matched subjects without MS performed three tasks of standing postural control, with and without dual tasking amid an auditory Stroop task: (1) step initiation, (2) forward leaning to the limits of stability, and (3) postural responses to rotations of the support surface. Two-factor general linear models were used to evaluate differences between the groups (with or without MS) and two conditions (single or dual tasking) for each postural task. During step initiation, dual tasking significantly delayed the onset of the anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) more for the subjects with MS than for those without MS, and step lengths increased for the subjects with MS but decreased for those without MS. No other significant group-by-condition interactions were evident on the recorded variables of stepping, leaning, postural responses, or Stroop-response accuracies and latencies. The scores for the subjects with MS on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale significantly associated with the change between single-task to dual-task conditions in APA onset and foot-lift onset during step initiation as well as in lean position variability and lean onset times during forward leaning. The results suggest dual-task effects were more evident during step initiation and are associated with levels of fatigue for subjects with MS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dual tasking on the postural performance of people with and without multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Jacobs

Kasser

2011

J Neurol

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“…This task has been described in detail elsewhere and has been validated for use with MS patients (Denney, Gallagher, & Lynch, 2011). Slower performance by MS patients on this task has been shown to be due to slowed processing speed (Macniven et al, 2008). The variable of interest was a composite score derived from the total number of correct responses on the word reading and color naming trials.…”

Section: Processing Speed/attention Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study

Hancock

Bruce

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Between 40-65% of multiple sclerosis patients experience cognitive deficits, with processing speed and working memory most commonly affected. This pilot study investigated the effect of computerized cognitive training focused on improving processing speed and working memory. Participants were randomized into either an active or a sham training group and engaged in six weeks of training. The active training group improved on a measure of processing speed and attention following cognitive training, and data trended toward significance on measures of other domains. Results provide preliminary evidence that cognitive training with multiple sclerosis patients may produce moderate improvement in select areas of cognitive functioning.

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“…In two such studies, processing speed abilities were found to be associated with performance on tasks on the DKEFS, as well as the Stroop test (Drew, Starkey, & Isler, 2009; Macniven et al, 2008). (Drew et al, 2009) reported that processing speed measures were significantly correlated with both timed and untimed measures of the DKEFS, including Trail-Making Test, Verbal-Fluency, Card-Sorting and Proverbs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between executive functioning, processing speed, and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis

Genova

DeLuca

Chiaravalloti

et al. 2013

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between performance on executive tasks and white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A second aim was to examine how processing speed affects the relationship between executive functioning and FA. This relationship was examined in two executive tasks that rely heavily on processing speed: the Color-Word Interference Test and Trail-Making Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System). It was hypothesized that reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) is related to poor performance on executive tasks in MS, but that this relationship would be affected by the statistical correction of processing speed from the executive tasks. 15 healthy controls and 25 persons with MS participated. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between executive functioning and FA, both before and after processing speed was removed from the executive scores. Before processing speed was removed from the executive scores, reduced FA was associated with poor performance on Color-Word Interference Test and Trail-Making Test in a diffuse network including corpus callosum and superior longitudinal fasciculus. However, once processing speed was removed, the relationship between executive functions and FA was no longer significant on the Trail Making test, and significantly reduced and more localized on the Color-Word Interference Test.

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Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: Information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning?

Cited by 69 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of dual tasking on the postural performance of people with and without multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Effects of dual tasking on the postural performance of people with and without multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Processing speed and working memory training in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study

The relationship between executive functioning, processing speed, and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis

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