Struck-side crashes involving post-regulatory European passenger cars: crash characteristics and injury outcomes

Welsh, Ruth; Morris, Andrew P.; Hassan, Ahamedali M.

doi:10.1504/ijvs.2007.012588

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have focused on the injury to the abdominal organs as a consequence of car accidents, as they result in a series of severe tension and compressions impact loads [1,2]. Liver as one of the most important organs of the body is full of blood under pressure and, therefore, any kind of impact loading can trigger an extra Dig Dis 2018;36:150-155 DOI: 10.1159/000481344 amount of pressure under the capsule, which can be life threatening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study to Measure the Mechanical Properties of the Human Liver

Karimi

Shojaei

2017

Dig Dis

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Background: Since the liver is one of the most important organs of the body that can be injured during trauma, that is, during accidents like car crashes, understanding its mechanical properties is of great interest. Experimental data is needed to address the mechanical properties of the liver to be used for a variety of applications, such as the numerical simulations for medical purposes, including the virtual reality simulators, trauma research, diagnosis objectives, as well as injury biomechanics. However, the data on the mechanical properties of the liver capsule is limited to the animal models or confined to the tensile/compressive loading under single direction. Therefore, this study was aimed at experimentally measuring the axial and transversal mechanical properties of the human liver capsule under both the tensile and compressive loadings. Methods: To do that, 20 human cadavers were autopsied and their liver capsules were excised and histologically analyzed to extract the mean angle of a large fibers population (bundle of the fine collagen fibers). Thereafter, the samples were cut and subjected to a series of axial and transversal tensile/compressive loadings. Results: The results revealed the tensile elastic modulus of 12.16 ± 1.20 (mean ± SD) and 7.17 ± 0.85 kPa under the axial and transversal loadings respectively. Correspondingly, the compressive elastic modulus of 196.54 ± 13.15 and 112.41 ± 8.98 kPa were observed under the axial and transversal loadings respectively. The compressive axial and transversal maximum/failure stress of the capsule were 32.54 and 37.30 times higher than that of the tensile ones respectively. The capsule showed a stiffer behavior under the compressive load compared to the tensile one. In addition, the axial elastic modulus of the capsule was found to be higher than that of the transversal one. Conclusions: The findings of the current study have implications not only for understanding the mechanical properties of the human capsule tissue under tensile/compressive loading, but also for providing unprocessed data for both the doctors and engineers to be used for diagnosis and simulation purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study to Measure the Mechanical Properties of the Human Liver

Karimi

Shojaei

2017

Dig Dis

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“…Therefore, research turns towards numerical modelling to predict more precisely the occurrence of injuries on the different constituents of the human body, especially soft tissues. It is all the more necessary since various studies focused on accidentology revealed that damage to abdominal organs account for an important number of serious injuries in car accidents (Tinkoff et al, 2008;Welsh et al, 2007;Augenstein, 2000;Elhagediab and Rouhana, 1998). Liver damage in particular occurs in 38% of the injuries rated 3 to 5 in the Abdominal Injury Scale (AIS), AIS 5 resulting in a high risk of fatality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the nonlinear behaviour and the failure of human liver capsule through inflation tests

Brunon

Bruyère-Garnier

Coret

2011

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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This paper aims at describing an inflation test protocol on a human liver capsule using stereo-correlation. The biaxial tension created by the inflation test is comparable to the type of loading the capsule would be subjected to during a liver compression. Confocal microscopy associated to an anti-collagen coloration reveals that the tissue is isotropic at the meso-scale. Stereo-correlation provides the strain field of the capsule during the test. It emphasizes the boundary condition effects on the strain field. The measurement of the shape of the capsule is used to determine the parameters of two hyperelastic (polynomial and exponential) homogeneous models. The ultimate first principal strain before failure is measured locally and its value is 50.5%±10.8%. In this protocol, the light goes throughout the sample and makes the heterogeneities of the material appear as darker grey levels on the pictures. These heterogeneities also appear on the strain fields, so we can assume that they have different material properties.

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“…Based on data collected in various states during various periods, they revealed that abdominal organs are involved in 3-10% of the vehicle crashes (Tinkoff et al, 2008;Welsh et al, 2007). Despite this relatively small frequency, abdominal organs account for a much larger amount of the serious injuries: in vehicle to vehicle side crashes, 49% of the AIS 3 + concern the chest and abdomen (Augenstein, 2000;Elhagediab and Rouhana, 1998) revealed that 8% of the AIS 3 injuries are abdominal injuries, this rate growing up to 16.5% for AIS 4 and 20.5% for AIS 5, with a high fatal risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%