“…One large area of research on flows in networks is devoted to traffic flows and transportation problems in networks. This includes vehicular traffic on urban roads [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], inclusive traffic jams [ 34 , 35 ], railway networks [ 36 , 37 , 38 ], and air traffic management [ 39 , 40 ]. Flows in pipeline networks, such as oil and gas flows in their corresponding transportation networks [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], are also often studied.…”