Structural analysis of the E-scale

Demands in reflecting about another's motives and intentions modulate vicarious embarrassment in autism spectrum disorders

“…In line with current conceptualizations of empathy (Davis, 1983) and other empathy measures used in studies on ASD (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) the E-Scale consists of items that represent cognitive (reflective processes of perspective taking) and emotional aspects (the affective reaction toward an observed person's state) of empathy, which are summarized in a composite empathy score. Internal consistency and re-test reliability of the 25 item scale are high (Cronbach's a = 0.92, r tt = 90 across three weeks (Leibetseder et al, 2007) and in the present samples the internal consistencies was comparably high with a = 0.90. According to Leibetseder et al (2007) the composite score brakes down into two related but distinguishable facets that represent cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy.…”

“…Internal consistency and re-test reliability of the 25 item scale are high (Cronbach's a = 0.92, r tt = 90 across three weeks (Leibetseder et al, 2007) and in the present samples the internal consistencies was comparably high with a = 0.90. According to Leibetseder et al (2007) the composite score brakes down into two related but distinguishable facets that represent cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy. Both facets are highly correlated with r = 0.77 and show good internal consistency with a = 0.85 for emotional and a = 0.79 for cognitive empathy in the present sample.…”

“…The German version of the E-Scale (Leibetseder, Laireiter, Koller, & Kö ller, 2007) was administered to assess individual differences in trait empathy. In line with current conceptualizations of empathy (Davis, 1983) and other empathy measures used in studies on ASD (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) the E-Scale consists of items that represent cognitive (reflective processes of perspective taking) and emotional aspects (the affective reaction toward an observed person's state) of empathy, which are summarized in a composite empathy score.…”

Your Flaws Are My Pain: Linking Empathy To Vicarious Embarrassment

“…Second, the correlations found in this study provide additional insight into the conceptualization of empathy as a co-experience of an actor's personal state [27], [28]. It is inherent in the concept that highly empathic individuals are more strongly influenced by others' distress and emotions in their personal experience than individuals low in empathy (AA) [27]. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show empirically that vicarious social emotions, here embarrassment, are related to individual differences in empathy without sharing an emotional condition (AU, IA, IU).…”

Bringing Empathy into Play: On the Effects of Empathy in Violent and Nonviolent Video Games

“…The perception of the concept of empathy varies from an emotional response to others' feelings to the cognitive ability to understand these feelings. In addition to these two often-used major components of cognitive and affective empathy, a dimension for empathy in fictional contexts broadens the concept [6]. Empathy is typically associated with positive effects like, for example, a higher willingness to help others but negatively related to aggressive behavior [7].…”