Structural and electrical properties of Gd-doped BiFeO3:BaTiO3 (3:2) multiferroic ceramic materials

Gd3+-substituted BiFeO3 perovskite nanoparticles: facile synthesis, characterization, and applications in heterogeneous catalysis

“…Furthermore, the structural stability of the perovskite substance can also be quantified using the Goldschmidt tolerance factor (TF), and the tolerance factors of the BFO, GBFO1, GBFO2 and GBFO3 nanostructures can be determined by, 26,39–41 where R is the effective ionic radius (Gd 3+ = 0.938, Bi 3+ = 1.17, Fe 3+ = 0.69, and O 2− = 1.24 Å, respectively 38,39,42 ). The values of the tolerance factor for the BFO, GBFO1, GBFO2, and GBFO3 samples are 0.882, 0.878, 0.870, and 0.861, respectively.…”

“…When the Gd concentration was increased from x = 0.05 to 0.25 a reduction in the values of a ( b ) and c was noticed owing to the differences in the ionic radii of Bi 3+ and Gd 3+ . 38,39,42…”

“…where R is the effective ionic radius (Gd 3+ = 0.938, Bi 3+ = 1.17, Fe 3+ = 0.69, and O 2− = 1.24 Å, respectively 38,39,42 ). The values of the tolerance factor for the BFO, GBFO1, GBFO2, and GBFO3 samples are 0.882, 0.878, 0.870, and 0.861, respectively.…”

“…When the Gd concentration was increased from x = 0.05 to 0.25 a reduction in the values of a(b) and c was noticed owing to the differences in the ionic radii of Bi 3+ and Gd 3+ . 38,39,42 The Debye-Scherrer formula (DSF) was employed to determine the average crystallite size (3)…”