Structural and Functional Insights into the Role of Guard Cell Ion Channels in Abiotic Stress-Induced Stomatal Closure

Abstract

A stomatal pore is formed by a pair of specialized guard cells and serves as a major gateway for water transpiration and atmospheric CO2 influx for photosynthesis in plants. These pores must be tightly controlled, as inadequate CO2 intake and excessive water loss are devastating for plants. When the plants are exposed to extreme weather conditions such as high CO2 levels, O3, low air humidity, and drought, the turgor pressure of the guard cells exhibits an appropriate response against these stresses, which leads to stomatal closure. This phenomenon involves a complex network of ion channels and their regulation. It is well-established that the turgor pressure of guard cells is regulated by ions transportation across the membrane, such as anions and potassium ions. In this review, the guard cell ion channels are discussed, highlighting the structure and functions of key ion channels; the SLAC1 anion channel and KAT1 potassium channel, and their regulatory components, emphasizing their significance in guard cell response to various stimuli.

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“…Generally, a single potassium ion channel is a homotetramer structure, consisting of four subunits symmetrically, and can only allow one potassium ion to pass through. 60,61 Shaker-type potassium ion channels can form heterotetramer structures, which is also an important characteristic of the Shaker channel. This structure allows plants to regulate the intracellular potassium transport activity in each organ or tissue relatively independently.…”

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“…Several ion channels, including the inward-rectifying K + channel KAT1, play a key role in the opening of stomata [ 140 , 141 ]. With KAT1 from A. thaliana , it was shown that this channel can interact with protein OST1 (open stomata 1) [ 142 ].…”

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“…Недавно выявлен ряд механизмов, которые участвуют в формировании устойчивости растений к осмотическому стрессу на уровне ионных каналов ПМ [123][124][125][126]. Показано, что анионный канал ZmSLAC1 (SLAC -slow anion channel) экспрессируется в ПМ устьичных клеток и обеспечивает закрывание устьиц при снижении водного потенциала среды [127].…”

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