Structural and genetic evidence that the Escherichia coli O148 O antigen is the precursor of the Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O antigen and identification of a glucosyltransferase gene

Feng, Lu; Perepelov, Andrei V.; Zhao, Guang; Shevelev, Sergei D.; Wang, Quan; Senchenkova, Sof’ya N.; Shashkov, Alexander S.; Geng, Yi; Reeves, Peter R.; Knirel, Yuriy A.; Wang, Lei

doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/001107-0

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…There is the possibility of the mutations being polar and preventing the expression of genes downstream, although this is not expected from the nature of the deletions. However, for wbdH, we confirmed that this was not the case by transfer of the plasmid pWL1059, which carries a cloned wbbP gene (11), and showed that it complemented the wbdH mutation, allowing the synthesis of full LPS (data not shown). This was important as the phenotype of the wbdH mutant is the same as that of P5814 without the pWL1059 plasmid, and the complementation shows that, while wbdH is inactivated in pPR2102, wbdM and wbdL are still functional.…”

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confidence: 68%

Determination of Glycosyltransferase Specificities for the Escherichia coli O111 O Antigen by a Generic Approach

Stevenson

Dieckelmann

Reeves

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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mentioning

confidence: 68%

Determination of Glycosyltransferase Specificities for the Escherichia coli O111 O Antigen by a Generic Approach

Stevenson

Dieckelmann

Reeves

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…These genetic loci are thought to be subject to strong frequency-dependent selection linked to the avoidance of host defense systems and survival in the environment (29,46). Previous studies have shown recombination between O-antigen gene clusters of E. coli (5), between those of E. coli and Klebsiella (39), and between those of E. coli and Shigella (13). Identical O-antigen gene clusters among different species have also been reported, and these are likely to originate from a common ancestor (33,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Analysis of the Enterobacter sakazakii O-Antigen Gene Locus

Mullane¹,

Ó’Gaora

Nally

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Nucleotide polymorphism associated with the O-antigen-encoding locus, rfb, in Enterobacter sakazakii was determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Based on the analysis of these DNA profiles, 12 unique banding patterns were detected among a collection of 62 strains from diverse origins. Two common profiles were identified and were designated serotypes O:1 and O:2. DNA sequencing of the 12,500-bp region flanked by galF and gnd identified 11 open reading frames, all with the same transcriptional direction. Analysis of the proximal region of both sequences demonstrated remarkable heterogeneity. A PCR assay targeting genes specific for the two prominent serotypes was developed and applied for the identification of these strains recovered from food, environmental, and clinical samples.Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with food-borne illness in neonates (12,24,25). Powdered infant formula has been implicated as a source of intrinsic E. sakazakii, but extrinsic contamination at reconstitution and improper handling have also been linked with cases of infection (4, 25). Organisms identified as E. sakazakii have been shown to represent multiple species, and an alternative classification of E. sakazakii as five species within a novel genus, "Cronobacter", has been proposed (20).Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. This is composed of three parts, a complex lipid, called lipid A (consisting of sugars and fatty acids), that anchors the structure to the outer membrane, a conserved core oligosaccharide, and variable polysaccharide side chains (O antigen) that extend from the latter core. The O antigen is a major surface antigen present in gram-negative bacteria, and it is responsible for serological diversity. In these bacteria, LPS contains many oligosaccharide units (individual O units consisting of between 3 and 6 sugars) with typically between 10 and 30 repeats (23,42,47). Genes involved in O-antigen synthesis and downstream assembly map to the rfb locus located between the galF and gnd genes in many Enterobacteriaceae. The O-antigen locus varies in size for each serotype depending on the sugar composition and complexity of the antigen structure (34). O-antigen serotypes emerge as a consequence of the gene content rather than sequence variation at this locus (44). Usually three gene types map to the O-antigen gene cluster, and these include the following: (i) genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of sugars forming the O subunit, (ii) genes that encode glycosyltransferases, involved in the assembly of sugar substituents in the O subunit, and (iii) those genes that code for the transporter (wzx) and polymerase (wzy) proteins necessary for processing and assembly of the O antigen from the O subunit.The O-antigen gene cluster of E. sakazakii has not been previously characterized. This article describes the molecular characterization of the rfb locus in E. sakazakii. Two major serotype...

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“…As Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella sonnei are two serotypes that should be included in a global Shigella vaccine, the basic structures of their O polysaccharide repeats are also shown 103,122 . In contrast to the other O-antigens that have tetrasaccharide repeats, the O-antigen repeat of S. sonnei is a disaccharide (FucNAc, 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactose; AltUA, 2-amino-2-deoxy-l-altruronic acid) 103 .…”

Section: Shigella O-antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical trials of Shigella vaccines: two steps forward and one step back on a long, hard road

et al. 2007

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More than 50 years of research has yielded numerous Shigella vaccine candidates that have exemplified both the promise of vaccine-induced prevention of shigellosis and the impediments to developing a safe and effective vaccine for widespread use, a goal that has yet to be attained. This Review discusses the most advanced strategies for Shigella vaccine development, the immune responses that are elicited following disease or vaccination, the factors that have accelerated or impeded Shigella vaccine development and our ideas for the way forward.At the end of the 19th century, as epidemics of bacillary dysentery accompanied by high mortality spread across Japan, the young microbiologist Kiyoshi Shiga examined dysenteric stools and isolated a bacterium that was agglutinated by serum from convalescent patients but not from patients with acute disease [1][2][3] (FIG. 1). That bacterium -known today as Shigella dysenteriae 1 -was the first identified member of the genus Shigella. Four Correspondence to M.L. mlevine@medicine.umaryland.edu. Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing financial interests. Links NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptShigella species (or groups) are now recognized: S. dysenteriae (group A), which has 15 serotypes; Shigella flexneri (group B), which has 14 classical serotypes and subserotypes; Shigella boydii (group C), which has 20 serotypes; and Shigella sonnei (group D), which has single serotype 4 (TABLE 1).There has been resurgent interest in Shigella as a human pathogen, driven by the availability of more precise data on the disease burden 5-8 , emerging antibiotic resistance 9,10 and the fact that mucosally invasive Shigella, which often cause dysentery (gross blood in diarrhoeal stools), are less amenable to the salutary effects of oral rehydration than non-invasive pathogens that cause watery diarrhoea, such as Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The target populations for the use of Shigella vaccines include infants and young children in developing countries (in which the peak incidence occurs at 12-47 months of age and the S. flexneri serotypes predominate) 5-7 .S. dysenteriae 1, which produces Shiga toxin and typically carries R factors that encode resistance to multiple antibodies, waxes and wanes as a cause of epidemic severe disease in the world's least developed countries [11][12][13][14] Few bacterial pathogens have had their pathogenesis or interactions with mammalian tissues elucidated so precisely at the cellular and subcellular levels as Shigella spp. 20,21 Nevertheless, progress in attaining safe and effective Shigella vaccines has faltered. Herein, we review recent and old clinical trials that have evaluated the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of candidate Shigella vaccines. We relate the bassis for the most popular strategies (BOX 2), the relevance of the different immune responses measured, the factors that have favoured or impeded vaccine development and, most importantly, the less...

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Structural and genetic evidence that the Escherichia coli O148 O antigen is the precursor of the Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O antigen and identification of a glucosyltransferase gene

Cited by 36 publications

References 40 publications

Determination of Glycosyltransferase Specificities for the Escherichia coli O111 O Antigen by a Generic Approach

Determination of Glycosyltransferase Specificities for the Escherichia coli O111 O Antigen by a Generic Approach

Molecular Analysis of the Enterobacter sakazakii O-Antigen Gene Locus

Clinical trials of Shigella vaccines: two steps forward and one step back on a long, hard road

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