Structural and light driven molecular engineering in photochromic polymers

Szukalski, Adam; Korbut, Aleksandra; Ortyl, Ewelina

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122311

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…From the processing point of view, polymers and polymeric materials appear to be exceptionally versatile as well, as some of them can be prepared in the form of liquid solutions or dispersions but also can be readily processed as powders, fibers, and films, and some selected examples of them can be obtained as single crystals. Accordingly, favorable optical and physicochemical properties of polymers created a fertile niche for investigation of various aspects of their NLO properties, such as electro-optic phenomena, i.e., the linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) [15], the quadratic electro-optic effect (optical Kerr effect) [16][17][18], parametric energy conversion in second-harmonic [11][12][13][14][19][20][21] and third-harmonic generation [22][23][24][25][26] variants, and finally the two-photon absorption phenomenon (2PA) [26][27][28][29][30][31], which is at the focus of this paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Optical Pigments. Two-Photon Absorption in Crosslinked Conjugated Polymers and Prospects for Remote Nonlinear Optical Thermometry

2020

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Nonlinear optical (NLO) pigments are compounds insoluble in solvents that exhibit phenomena related to nonlinear optical susceptibilities (χ(n) where n = 2,3,...), e.g., two-photon absorption (2PA) which is related to the imaginary part of χ(3). Determination of spectrally-resolved 2PA properties for NLO pigments of macromolecular nature, such as coordination polymers or crosslinked polymers, has long been a challenging issue due to their particulate form, precluding characterizations with standard techniques such as Z-scan. In this contribution, we investigate thus far unknown spectrally-resolved 2PA properties of a new subclass of NLO pigments—crosslinked conjugated polymers. The studied compounds are built up from electron-donating (triphenylamine) and electron-withdrawing (2,2’-bipyridine) structural fragments joined by vinylene (Pol1) or vinyl(4-ethynylphenyl) (Pol2) aromatic bridges. 2PA properties of these polymers have been characterized in broad spectral range by specially modified two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) techniques: solid state TPEF (SSTPEF) and internal standard TPEF (ISTPEF). The impact of self-aggregation of aromatic backbones on the 2PA properties of the polymers has been evaluated through extended comparisons of NLO parameters, i.e., 2PA cross sections (σ2) and molar-mass normalized 2PA merit factors (σ2/M) with those of small-molecular model compounds: Mod1 and Mod2. By doing this, we found that the 2PA response of Pol1 and Pol2 is improved 2–3 times versus respective model compounds in the solid state form. Further comparisons with 2PA results collected for diluted solutions of Mod1 and Mod2 supports the notion that self-aggregated structure contributes to the observed enhancement of 2PA response. On the other hand, it is clear that Pol1 and Pol2 suffer from aggregation-caused quenching phenomenon, well reflected in time-resolved fluorescence properties as well as in relatively low values of quantum yield of fluorescence. Accordingly, despite improved intrinsic 2PA response, the effective intensity of two-photon excited emission for Pol1 and Pol2 is slightly lower relative to Mod1 and Mod2. Finally, we explore temperature-resolved luminescence properties under one- (377 nm), two- (820 nm), and three-photon excitation (1020 nm) conditions of postsynthetically Eu3+-functionalized material, Pol1-Eu, and discuss its suitability for temperature sensing applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Optical Pigments. Two-Photon Absorption in Crosslinked Conjugated Polymers and Prospects for Remote Nonlinear Optical Thermometry

2020

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“…So, the all-optical switching phenomenon can be easily investigated using a typical pump-probe setup, which was schematically shown in the literature before. 7 , 25 , 26 Two laser lines, which were implemented in the considered experiment, were marked as blue (pump beam) and red (reference line) in Figure 1 c. To achieve and measure the NLO signal, the sample was placed into a cross-polarizer system, and the output beam was collected by a photodiode. Any aberrations were excluded thanks to the UV cutoff filter mounted just before the opto-electronic collecting device.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To estimate the Δ n value, the following equation can be used: 7 , 25 , 26 where n 2 and I pump denote the second, nonlinear optical refractive index values and pump beam intensity, both related to the ω frequency, respectively. However, the straightforward relation between photoinduced birefringence vs experimental setup configuration can be found in another theoretical relation: 7 , 26 where I out and I in refer to the output and initial reference laser intensity, respectively; d denotes the active layer thickness; and λ ref means the reference laser wavelength in nm (in our case, it is equal to 632.8 nm).…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compatible Photochromic Systems for Opto-electronic Applications

et al. 2021

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Today, a lot of attention is paid to remote controlled opto-electronic devices. Many of them are commonly used in the society, industry, and science. Accessories dedicated to the particular utilization are desired. The point is to find a simple way to obtain smart and functional appliances. Materials engineering faces such problems and provides a variety of solutions concerning advanced material design, preparation, and utilization. Photochromic materials represent one of the already known materials, which still find other objectives in new fields of life. In our work, we present two differently constructed photoresponsive polymers, which give significantly different nonlinear optical (NLO) response visible as noticeable optical signal modulation. By playing with diversified laser light energy or its frequency, NLO output characterized appealing, and individual characteristics (doubled Δ n ∼0.02 vs 0.04 and entirely different kinetics for two similar materials and the same laser pumping). Interestingly, high output signal repeatability and stability were achieved, which indicate the investigated materials as promising candidates in the construction of various opto-electronic devices. Additionally, a set of photoresponsive studies, reflectometry, and theoretical insights was performed and included in this work.

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“…The complication in achieving this goal derives from the fact that the most common materials used in photonics, such as glass for fiber optics and silicon for integrated photonics, hardly change their optical properties, even under intense optical or electrical stimuli. For this reason, optical modulation and switching, and more generally tunability, are usually reached by means of free-carrier injection, chemical and mechanical activation, or by deploying materials with large electro-optic or optical nonlinear coefficients [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. All these mechanisms are inherently weak and require intense control signals and long interaction lengths in order to produce significant optical modulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimuli-Responsive Phase Change Materials: Optical and Optoelectronic Applications

2021

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Stimuli-responsive materials offer a large variety of possibilities in fabrication of solid- state devices. Phase change materials (PCMs) undergo rapid and drastic changes of their optical properties upon switching from one crystallographic phase to another one. This peculiarity makes PCMs ideal candidates for a number of applications including sensors, active displays, photonic volatile and non-volatile memories for information storage and computer science and optoelectronic devices. This review analyzes different examples of PCMs, in particular germanium–antimonium tellurides and vanadium dioxide (VO2) and their applications in the above-mentioned fields, with a detailed discussion on potential, limitations and challenges.

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Structural and light driven molecular engineering in photochromic polymers

Cited by 22 publications

References 77 publications

Nonlinear Optical Pigments. Two-Photon Absorption in Crosslinked Conjugated Polymers and Prospects for Remote Nonlinear Optical Thermometry

Nonlinear Optical Pigments. Two-Photon Absorption in Crosslinked Conjugated Polymers and Prospects for Remote Nonlinear Optical Thermometry

Compatible Photochromic Systems for Opto-electronic Applications

Stimuli-Responsive Phase Change Materials: Optical and Optoelectronic Applications

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