“…[1][2][3][4][5] Several recent studies indicated that TiO 2 -NTs had improved properties compared to any other form of titania for photocatalysis, [6,7] the generation of hydrogen from water splitting, [8,9] solar energy conversion, [10][11][12] the anodes of lithium ion batteries [3,13] sensors for detecting chemical oxygen demands [14] and trace levels hydrogen gas. [15] However, because of its large band gap (3.05eV for rutile and 3.15eV for anatase), [16] the activation of its photocatalytic capability requires ultraviolet light (λ < 400nm) that contributes less than 5% of the total energy of the solar spectrum. [6,17,18] In addition, the low efficiency of electron-hole separation limits the practical application of TiO 2 -NTs in photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic processes.…”