Metal ions are essential for many reactions, however, metal excess can be toxic. In bacteria, metal limitation activates pathways for import and mobilization of metals, whereas metal excess induces efflux and storage. In this Review, we highlight recent insights into metal homeostasis, including protein- and RNA-based sensors that interact directly with metals or metal-containing cofactors. The resulting transcriptional response to metal stress is deployed in a stepwise manner, and is reinforced by post-transcriptional regulatory systems. Metal limitation and intoxication by the host is an evolutionarily ancient strategy to limit bacterial growth. The details of the resulting growth restriction are beginning to be understood, and appear to be organism-specific.