Structural Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia and Related Populations

Lawrie, Stephen M.; Pantelis, Christos

doi:10.1002/9781444327298.ch16

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Evidence for alterations in brain structure in schizophrenia are both old and very strong 31 with less consensus on the specific structures involved or the nature of the lesions. Longitudinal studies have now shown evidence for progressive brain changes in both gray and white matter especially in frontal, parietal and temporal areas.…”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic–functional/hardware–software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism

2012

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Our tendency to see the world of psychiatric illness in dichotomous and opposing terms has three major sources: the philosophy of Descartes, the state of neuropathology in late nineteenth century Europe (when disorders were divided into those with and without demonstrable pathology and labeled, respectively, organic and functional), and the influential concept of computer functionalism wherein the computer is viewed as a model for the human mind–brain system (brain = hardware, mind = software). These mutually re-enforcing dichotomies, which have had a pernicious influence on our field, make a clear prediction about how ‘difference-makers’ (aka causal risk factors) for psychiatric disorders should be distributed in nature. In particular, are psychiatric disorders like our laptops, which when they dysfunction, can be cleanly divided into those with software versus hardware problems? I propose 11 categories of difference-makers for psychiatric illness from molecular genetics through culture and review their distribution in schizophrenia, major depression and alcohol dependence. In no case do these distributions resemble that predicted by the organic–functional/hardware–software dichotomy. Instead, the causes of psychiatric illness are dappled, distributed widely across multiple categories. We should abandon Cartesian and computer-functionalism-based dichotomies as scientifically inadequate and an impediment to our ability to integrate the diverse information about psychiatric illness our research has produced. Empirically based pluralism provides a rigorous but dappled view of the etiology of psychiatric illness. Critically, it is based not on how we wish the world to be but how the difference-makers for psychiatric illness are in fact distributed.

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Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic–functional/hardware–software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism

2012

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“…Various abnormalities of neurodevelopment have been linked to increased (third) ventricular volumes. 4,9 Childhood adversity may have different effects on brain structure according to the type and context of maltreatment. 10 Perhaps most consistently, and of greatest relevance to first-episode schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, regular cannabis use is consistently associated with reduced gray matter, probably focused on (medial) frontal and temporal regions, perhaps especially in those with particular genetic risk factors.…”

Section: Statistically Significant Heterogeneity and Its Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structural brain imaging has a long pedigree in psychiatry and is one of the first pieces of evidence to be marshalled when pointing out biological concomitants of schizophrenia . Notable heterogeneity in the structural brain imaging of schizophrenia literature is not simply attributable to sampling bias, and consistent results have been obtained with different methods . Occasional reviews have linked heterogeneity in a region to a method but such analyses, in which the study is the unit of analysis, are of very low power and prone to producing false-positive results as well as false-negative results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…1 Notable heterogeneity in the structural brain imaging of schizophrenia literature is not simply attributable to sampling bias, 2 and consistent results have been obtained with different methods. [1][2][3][4] Occasional reviews have linked heterogeneity in a region to a method but such analyses, in which the study is the unit of analysis, are of very low power and prone to producing false-positive results as well as false-negative results. However, there is clear evidence for the selective reporting of positive results in the literature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is some convergent validity with the postmortem literature and consistent associations have been found between volumes of parts of the temporal lobes and the positive psychotic symptoms that characterize schizophrenia. 4…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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