Interactions
of the divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ with the
zwitterionic lipid bilayers prepared of a fully
saturated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or a di-monounsaturated
dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) were studied by using
the neutron scattering methods and molecular dynamics simulations.
The effect on the bilayer structural properties confirms the direct
interactions in all cases studied. The changes are observed in the
bilayer thickness and lateral area. The extent of these structural
changes, moreover, suggests various mechanisms of the cation–lipid
interactions. First, we have observed a small difference when studying
DPPC bilayers in the gel and fluid phases, with somewhat larger effects
in the former case. Second, the hydration proved to be a factor in
the case of DOPC bilayers, with the larger effects in the case of
less hydrated systems. Most importantly, however, there was a qualitative
difference between the results of the fully hydrated DOPC bilayers
and the others examined. These observations then prompt us to suggest
an interaction model that is plausibly governed by the lateral area
of lipid, though affected indirectly also by the hydration level.
Namely, when the interlipid distance is small enough to allow for
the multiple lipid–ion interactions, the lipid–ion–lipid
bridges are formed. The bridges impose strong attractions that increase
the order of lipid hydrocarbon chains, resulting in the bilayer thickening.
In the other case, when the interlipid distance extends beyond a limiting
length corresponding to the area per lipid of ∼65 Å2, Mg2+ and Ca2+ continue to interact
with the lipid groups by forming the separate ion–lipid pairs.
As the interactions proposed affect the lipid membrane structure in
the lateral direction, they may prove to play their role in other
mechanisms lying within the membrane multicomponent systems and regulating
for example the lipid–peptide–ion interactions.